2. 1Vestern Liturgies. —The liturgies of the west present much less variety-, and indeed are all derived either from the eastern liturgies or from a common source. The Catholic liturgies may be reduced to four—the Roman, the Milanese or Ambrosian, the Gothic or 3Iozarabic, and the Gallic liturgies. The oldest forms of the Roman liturgy are to be found in three so-called sacramentaries—that of Leo, that of Gelasius, and that of Gregory the great. It is the last that has left its impress most clearly on the modern Roman missal, which was brought to its present shape by a commission ordered by the council of Trent, after a careful revision and collation of all the liturgical forms in use in the west in the 16th century. The first revision took place under Pius V., and two subsequent revisions were made by Urban VIII. and Clement VIII. The Ambrosian liturgy is used only in the diocese of Milan, and is popularly traced to St. Ambrose. It bears a close analogy to the Roman liturgy, but it has many peculiarities, some of which are highly- interesting, as illustrating the history of the details of Christian worship. Its ceremonial, which is observed with gyeat solemnity in the cathedral of .31ilan, is in sonic parts highly striking and characteristic. The Gothic or Mozarabic is of still more Ihnited use, being now confined to a single chapel at Toledo, founded and endowed for the purpose by the celebrated cardinal Ximenes. It is the old liturgy of the Gothic church of Spain; and after the infusion of the Arabic element, width followed the Moorish invasion, it was called by the name of Mozarabic, a word of disputed etymol ogy. This liturgy is certainly of oriental origin; but its history, and the time and eh%
cumstances of its introduction into Spain, have furnished matter for much speculation. Some parts of the rite are exceedingly curious, especially those which accompany the breaking of the host. The Gallican liturgy has no precise modern representative, and is only known from ancient forms, more or less complete, which have been edited by Mabillon, and recently by Mone. The older Gallican forms bespeak an oriental ori gin, and are probably derived from the Greek Christian colony which settled at Mar seilles, Lyons, and the other churches of the south. The later forms approximate more to the Roman. Neither of these, however, is to be confounded with the more modern missals in use in several of the French dioceses, which do uot differ from the Roman except in minor details, and most of which have now been displaced by the Roman 'missal. Of Protestant communities, the Anglican church alone professes to follow the ancient liturgical forms (see Commox PitAyEit, BOOK OF). See Renaudot's Orien talium Liturgzarum Colleetio, 1740, 2 vols.; Assemanni's Bibliotheca Orientalis; Palmer's .Antiquities of the English Liturgy; Binterim's Denktoiirdigkeiten cler Christ-.Katholischen Kirehe.