MALCOLM, the name of four kings of Scotland. 3Ialcohn MacDonald succeeded to the throne on the abdication of Constantine MacAodli in 944 A.D. The most huportant event of his reign was the cession of Cumbria, in 94-6, by the English monarch Edmund I. Malcolm was slain while engaged in quelling a revolt in the north of Scotland, in 953 A.D.
Malcolm MacKenneth, grandson of the preceding, ascended the throve in 1003. His life was passed chiefly in repelling the incursions of the Danes. He died in 1033. A collection of laws, the Legal Halchlmi lfacKenn.eth, has been attributed to him, but is obviously a work of a later age.
3Ialcolm MacDuncan, surnamed CAN-MORE (Celtic, Cean-anore, " Great Head "), was born about the year 102,4, and ascended the throne on the death of Macbeth MacFinlegh, in Dec., 1056, or of Lulacb MacGilcomgain, in April, 1057. For the first nine years of his reign, Malcolm was at liberty to devote his energies to the consolidation of his kingdom, England being then ruled by the peaceful Edward the confessor. After William of Normandy had settled himself on the English throne, many noble Saxons sought refuge at the Scottish court, and among them Edgar Atheling, nearest of kin to the confessor, with his mother Agatha, and his sisters Margaret and Christina Mar garet, who was young, beautiful, and pious, captivated the heart of the Scottish king, and a marriage quickly followed. Her biographer, Turgot (also her chaplain and con fessor), tells us how earnestly and affectionately she labored to civilize the people and to " enlighten" her husband. Malcolm, although a man of vigorous intellect, could not read her missals aud books of devotion, but he used to kiss them in token of reverence, and he caused them to be richly bound, and ornamented with gold and jewels. The retinue of the king began to show something of a roy-al magnificence, and his plate was, according to Turgot, " at least gilt or silvered over." But 3Ialcolm's DCW relations,
unfortunately, embroiled him with the Normans. In 1070 he crossed the border, harried Northumberland and Yorkshire, but was soon obliged to retreat. William the concieror retaliated in 1072, and wasted Scotland as far as the Tay. At Abernethy, Malcolm was compelled to acknowledge him'as his liege lord but (as the Scottish historians hold) only for such parts of his dominions as had belonged to England—viz., Cumbria and the Lothians. War broke out again between England and Scotland on the accession of NVilliam Rufus, probably at the instigation of the fugitive Anglo-Saxons and the dis contented Nortnans, who had been pouring into the country during the iron reign of William, and had obtained large grants of land from the Scottish monarch. Nothing of note, however, happened, and peace was again concluded; but the seizure of Carlisle by the English king not long after provoked a fresh rupture, and, in 1093, Malcolm again crossed the border, and laid siege to Alnwick; but while so engaged, he was sud denly attacked, defeated, and slain, Nov. 13, 1093. His wife died hninediately on hear ing the fatal news.
Malcolm, surnamed "The Maiden," grandson of David I., succeeded that monarch, May 24, 1153, when only in his 12th year. He had no sooner mounted the throne than a Celtic insurrection, headed by Somerled, lord of the Isles, broke out. Some years after, another insurrection brOke out among, "the wild Scots of Galloway," under their *hid Fergus, to crush which Malcolm had to employ a large force. In 1161 he had to chastise a revolt of the men of Moray, and to put down a second rebellion of Somerled. He died at Jedburgli, of a lingering disease, Dec. 9, 1165, at the early age of 24.