MARX, Kant, b. Prussia, 1818; educated at Bonn and Berlin; in 1842 went to Cologne, where lie edited the Rheinische Zeitung for a year, when it WaS suppressed. He now established himself in Paris and undertook, with Arnold Huge, the publication of an edition of Hegel's Phdosopky of Jurisprudence, revised, and other literary labors. Having employed the.press to attack Prussia, the Prussian government asked his expul sion from France, which was granted, and he settled in Brussels in 1846. He had now become interested in the International, the new socio-political organization, and devoted himself with ardor to the promulgation of advanced views concerning the rights of labor and of the laboring-class. After the revolution of 1848 he again went to Paris, his sen tence of banishment being now rendered inoperative; but soon aftemards established in Cologne the Neue IMeinische Zeitung, in the interest of social and political liberty. He was by this time a pronounced agitator, constantly embroiled with the authorities on account of the progressive character of his ideas and the boldness of his utterances. In 1849 he committed himself in the instance of the Baden insurrection, and was expelled from Germany, retiring once more to France and thence to London, where he has resided ever since. In 1864 he became a meinber of the International; and having been chosen to prepare the constitution and other initial documents of the organization, these were adopted at the congress of Geneva in 1866. In framing these important documents, 3Iarx came in competition with ISIazzini and Bakunin, both of whom prepared pro grammes for this occasion. The statement by Marx of the foundation and motive of the International, is precise, definite, and conclusive, without being so radical and revolu tionary as the ideas of some of its members, including Marx himself; who, on the occur rence of the atrocities of the commune in Paris. did not hesitate to issue a pamphlet indorsing the action of the communists. The rules of the International, as framed by Marx and adopted by the congress of Geneva, were as follows: " Considering that the •emancipation of the working classes inust be conquered by the working classes them selves ; that the struggle for the emancipation of the working classes means not a struggle for -class privileges and monopolies, but for equal rights and duties, and the abolition of all .class rule; that the economical subjection of the man of labor to the monopolizer of the means of labor, that is, the sources of life, lies at the bottom of servitude in all its forms,
.of all social misery, mental degradation and political dependence; that the economical •emancipation of the working classes is therefore the great end to which every political movement ought to be subordinate as a means; that all efforts aiming at that great end have hitherto failed, from the want of solidarity between the manifold divisions of labor in each country, and from the absence of a fraternal bond of union between the working .classes of different countries; that the emancipation of labor is neither. a local nor a national, but a social problem, embracing- all countries in which modern society exists, and depending for its solution on the concurrence, practical and theoretical, of the most advanced countries; that the present revival of the working classes in the most industrious countries of Europe, while it raises a new hope, gives solemn vvarning against a relapse into the old errors, and calls for the immediate combination of the still disconnected movements: for these reasons, the first international workingnien's congress declares that this international association, and all societies and individuals adhering to it, will acknowledge truth, justice, and morality as the basis of their conduct toward each other and toward all men, without regard to color, creed, or nationality. This congress con siders it the duty of a man to claim the rights of a man and a citizen, not only for him self, but for every man who does his duty. No right-s without duties, no duties without rights. And in this spirit they have drawn up the following rules of the international association: 1. This association is established to afford a central medium of comnmnica tion and co-operation between workingmen's societies existing in different countries and aiming at the same end, viz.: the protection, advancement, and complete emancipation of the working classes. 2. The name of the society shall be "The International Working Men's Association." 3. The general council shall consist of workingmen belonging to the different countries represented in the inteiAational association. It shall from its own members elect the officers necessary for the transaction of business, such as a president, a treasurer, a general secretary, corresponding secretaries for the different countries, etc. The congress appoints annually the seat of the general council, elects a number of mem.