LIILLY, RAYMOND, " the enlightened doctor," one of the most distinguished men' of the 13th c., was b. at Palma, in Majorca, in 1234. In his youth he led a dissolute life, and served for some time as a common soldier; but a complete revulsion of feeling taking place, he withdrew to solitude, and gave himself up to ecstatic meditatiOns and the study of the difficult scieuces. This sudden change of life produced in Lully it fervid and enthusiastic state of mind, under the influence of which he formed the project IAA' spiritual crusade for the conversion of the 31ussulmans, an idea he never afterwards abandoned. In pursuance of this project, he commenced an earnest study of theology, philosophy, and the Arabic language; and, after some years, published his great work, Ars Generalis sire Magna, which has so severely tested the sagacity of commentators. This work is the development of the method of teaching known subsequently as the " Lullian method," and afforded a kind of mechanical aid to the mind in the acquisition and retention of knowledge, by a s,ystematic arrangement of subjects and ideas. Like all such methods, however, it gave little more than a superficial knowledge of any sub ject, though it was of use tn leading men to perceive the necessity for an investigation of truth, the means for which were not to be found in the scholastic dialectics. Lully subsequently published another remarkable work, Libri XII. Principiarum Philosop7i. contra Averroistos, and, full of the principles which he had developed in this book, he wept to Tunis, at the end of 1291, or the beginning of 1292, to argue with his opponents, face to face. He drew large crowds of attentive hearers, and held disputations with learned Mohammedans, who, however, were as anxious to convert him as he to convert them, and the result, as might have been expected, was that little impression was made by either of the parties. Finally, -however, Luny was thrown into prison, and con demned to banishment. After lecturing at Naples for several years, he proceeded to
Rome; thence to his native island of Majorca, where he labored for the conversion of the Saracens and Jews; thence to Cyprus and Armenia, zealously exerting himself to bring back the -different schismatic parties of the oriental church to orthodoxy. In 1306-7 he again sailed for Africa, entered the city of Bugia (then the capital of a Mohammedan empire), and undertook to prove the truth of Christianity. A tumult arose, in which Lully nearly lost his life. He was again thrown into prison, and treated with great severity; yet so high an opinion was entertained of his abilities, that the chief men of the place were anxious that he sheruld embrace Mohammedanism, and promised him if he did so the highest honors. But to Lully, whose intellect and feelings were both enlisted in the cause of Christianity, this was impossible. After some time he was again banished front the country, and landed (after being shipwrecked) near Pisa. He subsequently went to Paris, and lectured against the principles of Averroes; he also induced the pope to establish chairs for the Arabic, Chaldee, and Hebrew languages in all cities where the papal court resided, and also at the universities of Paris, Oxford, and Salamanca. But his missionary zeal could only be satiated by martyrdom. In 1314 he sailed once more for Africa, and proceeded to Bugia, where he threatened the people with divine judgments if they refused to abjure Mohammedanism. The inhabitants were furious, dragged him out of the city, and stoned him to death, June 30,1315. The Mayence (10 vols., 1721-42) edition of his works includes several books on alchemy, of which there is not the slightest reason to suppose Lully was the author. Compare Neander's Kirehengeschichte, Bohn's translation, vol. vii. pp. 83-96.