High Prices
High Prices. The Tendency Of High Tariffs And Wars Is To Produce High Prices And Inflated Values, Which Excite The Fears Of Those Who Are More Prudent Than Wise. Those Who Fear A Fall Should Never Attempt To Rise ; And Those Who Dread High Prices Should Be Always Condemned ...
Horizontal Or Traverse Dialling
Horizontal Or Traverse Dialling. Plane Sailing In Navigation, And Horizontal Dialling In Mining, Are Nothing More Than The Practice Of Right-angled Trigonometry, Calling The Hypothenuse The Distance, The Perpendicular The Difference Of Latitude, The Base The Departure, And The Angle Opposite The Base The Course : Consequently, Any Range Of ...
Horizontal Or Working Plan
Horizontal Or Working Plan. This Is The Mining Plan And Guide, And Whoever Attempts To Conduct An Extensive Mining Operation Without Such A Guide, Or Working Plan, Does Injustice To Himself Or His Employer. This Plan Gives A "bird's-eye View" Of The Under-ground Excavations, Or Such As Could Be Seen ...
Improved Forge And Bloomery
Improved Forge And Bloomery. The Forge Here Presented Is Rather Novel In Construction, And Is A Combination Of Several Well-known Processes. The Chief Feature Of The Catalan Forge Is Preserved,— . That Is, The Hearth, Which Does Not Differ Much From The Hearth Of The Blast-furnace; But Here The Deoxidizing ...
Improvement In Hot Blast Ovens
Improvement In Hot-blast Ovens.* " On The Practical Results Obtained From Blast-furnaces By The Use Of Hot Blast Of A Very High Temperature." One Of The Most Valuable Papers Read Before The British Association At Its Meeting This Year Was One By E. A. Cowper, On The Subject Above Stated. ...
Improvements In Puddling
Improvements In Puddling. A Few Years ,ago, The Pig Metal Was Always Refined In The Finery-furnace By The Pneu Matic Process Before Use In The Puddling-furnace. It Has Been Found Practical And More Economical, However, To Deoxidize The Metal At One Process By "boiling" It In The Pud Dling Operation. ...
Improvements In The Mechanical
Improvements In The Mechanical Means Employed. The Great Difficulty, Since The Invention Of Heath In 1839, Has Been In The Application Of Mechanical Means To Effect The Decarbonization Of Cast Metal To Form Wrought Iron, And The Recarbonization To Form Steel. The Means Employed By Mr. Bessemer Are The Best ...
In North Carolina
In North Carolina. North Carolina Contains A Larger Portion Of Azoic Formation Than Any Other State. Not Less Than Half Its Territory Contains These Rocks, While The Remainder Is Made Up Of Recent And Plutonic. The Entire Piedmont District Is Gneissic, Extending From The Piny Barrens Of The East To ...
Iowa
Iowa. The Coal Measures Thin Rapidly In A Northern Direction From Missouri, And In Iowa The Pro Ductive Measures Are Generally Less Than 100 Feet In Thickness, Containing Only One Reliable Or Work Able Bed Of Coal, Which Ranges From 4 To 5 Feet In Thickness. Professor Owen, In His ...
Iron Ores
Iron Ores. Though This Subject Also Belongs Appropriately To Another Part Of This Book, We Feel Justified In Noticing It Here, Since This Region Is A Terra Incog Nita To The Iron-master. Two Prominent Seams Of Iron Ore Exist,—one As Shown By Figure 124, On Its Proper Geological Level Over ...
Iron Ores Of The
Iron Ores Of The Azoic Belt In Pennsylvania. The Primal And Gneissic Rocks Are Less Elevated In Eastern Virginia, Maryland, And Pennsylvania Than In North Carolina And Tennessee To The South, Or In The States Lying To The North. They Seldom Form Mountain-ranges In These Middle States, As They Do ...
Iron Ores Of The_2
Iron Ores Of The Paleozoic Formations. Ferriferous Region Which We Propose.to Describe Under This Head Lies Principally In The Limestones And Slates Of The Great Va!lley Range, Between The Blue Ridge And The Alleghany Mountains, Or The Brown Hematite Region, Between The Potsdam And Medina Sandstones And The Stratified Ores ...
Iron Ores Of The_3
Iron Ores Of The Great Valley Range. As Before Observed, This Is The Great Region Of The Brown Hematites, Or The Hydrated Peroxides Of Iron. These Ores Were Not Formed In The Manner Of The Azoic Magnetic And Specular Ores. They Are Never Found In Strata Or Intercalated With The ...
Iron Ores Of The_4
Iron Ores Of The Blue Ridge. From This Point North The Blue Ridge Will Be Recognized As A Common Name. South Of The New River It Is Known By Various Names, And The Name Has Even Been Applied To The Eastern Mountain-ranges In North Carolina. The Pioneers Of North Carolina, ...
Issues
Issues. Bearing Interest. Total. 1 And 2 Years 5 Per Cent. Notes $32,954,230 00 $32,954,130 00 United States Notes, Old Issue 392,070 00 New Issue 427,768,499 00 Compound Interest Notes, March 3, 1863 15,000,000 00 15,000,000 00 Compound Interest Notes, June 30, 1864 202,012,141 00 202,012,141 00 Postal Currency 9,034,151 ...
Lehigh Region
Lehigh Region. The Discovery And Practical Development Of Coal In The Lehigh Region Were Subsequent To Its Use In The Wyoming Valley, But The Coals Of The Lehigh Were The First To Realize A Commercial Value In The Eastern Markets; Consequently, The Lehigh Coal-trade Heads The Statistical Column, Though It ...
Little Black Creek Basin
Little Black Creek Basin. In The Little Black Creek Basin There Is Only One Operation, Which Is At Its Western End And Is Known As Milnesville. The Name Of J. Fields Appears As The Operator On Three Slopes: Two On The North And One On The South Dip Of The ...
Localities And Conditions Of
Localities And Conditions Of Oil-formations. The Same Arguments Hold Good In Relation To The Existence Of Rock-oil As To Coal, Viz.: Certain Conditions Of Position, Lithological Structure, And Topographical Feature Are Required For The One As Well As The Other, Since Oil Produces Coal. We Have Seen That Both Petroleum ...
Location Statement Showing The
Statement Showing The Number, Location, And Names Of Collieries Of The Region, With Names Of Owners And Operators. "in Addition To The Above 25 Shipping Collieries, Several New Mines Are Being Opened. The Broad Top Coal & Iron Company Are Opening A Col Liery Up Coal Creek, Two Miles South ...
Location Of Mines
Location Of Mines. In Some Cases There Is Not Much Choice Of Location; But Generally There Is Some Point More Available Than Another In Reference To The Permanency Of The Mine And The Economy Of Mining The Coal. In This Country Regard Is Too Often Paid To Outside Or Surface ...
Location Of Outside Improvements
Location Of Outside Improvements. On This Subject We Shall Be Brief, Not Because Of Its Insignificance, Or That It Can Be Intelligently Discussed In A Few Words, But For The Simple Reason That Nothing Short Of An Elaborate Discussion Could Present The Importance Of The Subject In A Comprehensive Or ...
Locustdale Coal Company
Locustdale* Coal Company. The Above Transverse Section Represents The Coal Basins In The Vicinity Of Locust Dale. The Property Owned By The Locustdale Coal Company Extends From The Centre Of The Deep Left Basin To, And Inclusive Of, The Middle Basins On The Right Of The Bear Ridge, Anticlinal. It ...
Mahanoy Region
Mahanoy Region. Figure 51 Is A Transverse Section Of The Mahanoy Coal-basins, Including The Broad Mountain Or New Boston Basin; Which, However, Does Not Properly Belong To This Region, And Will Not Be Considered In Connection With The Middle Coal-field, But Rather With The Broad Mountain And Mine Hill Basins ...
Manufacturer The Miner
The Miner, Manufacturer, And Mechanic Must Labor Side By Side, Or In The Same Community With The Planter And The Farmer, If We Wish To Profit By Our Magnificent Resources, Increase In Wealth, And Keep Step With The Progress Of Intelligence And Civilization. The Husbandmen And Shepherds Of The Barbarous ...
Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation. By Mechanical Ventilation We Mean The Use Of Machinery To Compel The Uniform Movement Of A Column Of Air Through The Avenues And Workings Of The Mine. This Is Done By Various Means. That In Use Was The Ordinary Fan Driven By Hand Or Ma Chinery To Propel ...
Metamorphic
Metamorphic. The Second Class Of Rocks Are The Metamorphic, Exclusive Of The Volcanic, Which Are Confined To No Period, But Are Distributed Through All Ages And Formations And Are The Production Of All Periods, Even To The Present. The Metamorphic, Gneissic, Or Stratified Crystalline Rocks Repose On The Granites, Or ...
Middle Men
Middle-men. These Are The Middle Class In Society, Who Generally Make The Most Money, Because They Are Simply Factors, Or Agents, Who Transact Business Between The Agricultural And Manufacturing Classes. The Merchant Buys From The Manufacturer And Sells To The Farmer, Or Vice Versa. The Carrier (in Ships, Cars, Boats, ...
Mine Gases And Vapors
Mine Gases And Vapors. The Principal And Most Dangerous Gas Produced In Coal-mines, With But Rare Excep Tion, Is Carburetted Hydrogen, Which Exists In Various Forms And In Different Volumes Of Carbon And Hydrogen, As Coal-gas, Oil-gas, Oil Of Turpentine, Naphtha, Petroleum, &c. It Consists In This State Of About ...
Mine Surveying
Mine Surveying. In The Following Instructions On Mine Surveying We Confine Ourselves To Such Rules And Examples As Apply To Coal-mining In Particular, But Which May, Nevertheless, Be Used In All Mining Operations. The Simple Change Of Name From Seam To Lode, Or From Gangway To Level, In The Phraseology, ...
Mine Surveying And Engineering
Mine Surveying And Engineering. This Chapter We Will Try To Present, In A Clear And Comprehensive Manner, A System Of Mine Surveying Or Dialling Which Should Be Understood And Practised By Every Super Intendent Of Extensive Mines Where Professional Engineers Are Not Employed. But No Man Is Fully Competent To ...
Mining Coal
Mining Coal. As There Are `numerous Modes Practised Among Miners In " Getting Coal," Or Mining It, As It Is Technically Termed In The Anthracite Regions, We Will Describe Several Of The Modes In General Use. In The Red-ash Seams Of The Anthracite Regions, A Stratum Or Band Of Soft ...
Mining Economy
Mining Economy. The Economical Mining Of Coal Depends On The Facility With Which It Can Be Taken From The Miner To The Top Of The Breaker. First.—the Mine Should Be So Planned And Laid Out As To Enable The Miner To Work With Security And In A Pure Atmosphere; Which ...
Mining Machinery
Mining Machinery. However Important The Location And Development Of Our Mines, And Necessary As May Be The Knowledge And Experience To Accomplish Their Development, These Requisites Are, Perhaps, Not More Important Or Necessary Than The Mechanical Skill And Judgment Required In Designing Or Selecting The Most Available Machinery For The ...
Modes Of Mining And
Modes Of Mining And Ventilation In Use In The Anthracite Regions. It Has Been Often Said, And Frequently Most Obstinately Argued, That The Modes Of Mining Adopted In The Anthracite Regions Of Pennsylvania Were The Necessary Results Of The Peculiarities Of The Region, And That The Improved Systems Of The ...
Natural Processes
Natural Processes. Volcanic Ranges Generally Exist In Long Lines Along The Weaker Axes Of The Earth's Crust, And Where These Volcanic Vents Exist, There Those Weak Lines Naturally Remain ; Where The Condensed Vapors And Lava Of The Earth First Find Vent, There It Will Continue To Vent; Because, While ...
Natural Ventilation
Natural Ventilation. This Is The First And Simplest Mode, And One Which Is Naturally Suggested By The Ordi Nary Currents Of The Air. It Is The Method Always Made Use Of In All New Mining Dis Tricts, Except Where The Seams Lie Deep Beneath The Surface. As Before Stated, The ...
Nesquehoning Or Rhume Run
Nesquehoning Or Rhume Run Mines. As This Will Embrace A General Description Of The Coal-field, Its Undula Tions, Basins, Saddles, And Axes Of Formation, With The Coal-seams And Other Details, We Will Commence At The Lehigh Extremity, And Describe The Field In Districts, With Sections To Illustrate Its General Features. ...
New Colliery At The
New Colliery At The Wilcox Opening. This Colliery Is Located On Mill Creek, A Short Distance East Of Wilkesbarre, On A Large Coal Estate Recently Purchased By The Union Coal Company. From A Late Examination, We Conclude All The Seams From G To A To Exist On This Property. A ...
New England Anthracite Fields
New England Anthracite Fields. Coals Of The New England States Are Anthracite In Character, And Were Formed Under The Same Influences Which Produced The Anthracite Of Pennsylvania; But The Geological Conditions Differ Materially, And The In Tensity Of The Heat To Which The Bitumen And Carbon Forming The Coal Were ...
North Mountain Coal Measures
Vertical Section, North Mountain Coal Measures. Figure 115 Is A Vertical Section Of The Measures In The Principal Body Of Coal Lying Within The Area Described, And Near Where The Berwick Turnpike Crosses The Loyal Lock, East Of Old Shinarsville. The Lower Bed, A, In This Basin May Extend Over ...
North Staffordshire Coal Field
North Staffordshire Coal-field. This Is A Comparatively Small Midland Coal-field, Containing From 40,000 To 50,000 Acres Of Coal Area, And Is Distinguished From Other Basins In The District As "the Potteries." We Notice It Particularly On Account Of Its Supply Of Iron Ores And Fire Clays In Connection With The ...
Northern The Third
The Third, Northern, Or Wyoming Anthracite Coal-field. This Is The Largest Of The Anthracite Basins Of Pennsylvania. The Latest And, We Think, The Most Reliable Computation Gives It An Area Of 198 Square Miles, Or 126,720 Acres. Its Length Is Over 50 Miles From A Point Opposite Beach Grove, Which ...
Oil Regions Of Northwestern Pennsylvania
Oil-regions Of Northwestern Pennsylvania. The Oil Wells Of Venango And Vicinity Are More Productive Than Those Of Any Other Region Yet Developed, And The Geological Formation Of This Portion Of The Alleghany Coal Field Would Lead Us To Expect This Result Naturally. First. The Several Oil-bearing Strata Are Here Brought ...
Operation Of The Machine
Operation Of The Machine. "when The Charge Of Pig Iron Is Melted And Ready For The Commencement Of The Pro Cess Of Puddling, The Apparatus Is Put In Action By Simply Dropping The Notch In The Handle Of The Rabble, Or The Pin In The Working Arm, Which Is Kept ...
Ores Of The Azoic
Ores Of The Azoic Belt In Virginia. The Azoic Mountain-region Of North Carolina Extends Into Virginia, But Its Peculiar Basin-shaped Formations Have Only A Limited Area In This State, Embracing Only The Counties Of Floyd, Carroll, And Grayson. The Magnetic Range, However, May Be Traced Into Virginia By Developments In ...
Ores Of The Azoic
Ores Of The Azoic Belt In New Jersey And New York. "in The Highlands Of This State And New Jersey The Principal Mines Occur In Two Great Ranges Or Systems. Those In The More Easterly Are The Forest Of Dean, The Greenwood, And The Sterling, In This State ; And ...
Ores Of The Azoic_2
Ores Of The Azoic Belt In New Jersey. The Magnetic Ores Of New Jersey Are Less Massive Than Those Of New York, But The Beds Are Perhaps Quite As Regular, And The Ore About Equal In Quantity. The Eastern Range Of Magnetic Ores, As Developed In Virginia, Does Not Extend ...
Ores Of The Azoic_3
Ores Of The Azoic Belt On Lake Superior. The Iron Ores Of This Region Are Truly Wonderful In Extent, And Though But Partially Developed, Enough Ore Is Known To Exist To Supply The Entire Demands Of The United States—if Available—for Many Centuries To Come. In Fact, The Ores Of The ...
Ores Of The Bituminous
Ores Of The Bituminous Coal Measures. The Principal Bed Of The Bituminous Fields Is That Which We Have Mentioned As Existing Above B, Or In Connection With The Buhrstone Or Ferriferous Limestone. This Bed Seems To Be Coextensive With The Measures In Which It Exists, Which Spreads Over The Greater ...
Ores Of The Coal
Ores Of The Coal Measures. The Ores Of Our Coal-fields Are Numerous And Widely Distributed; But, Unfortunately, Their Beds Are Generally Thin And Their Yield Is Low. But, Though Not As Rich As The Mine-ores Of South Staffordshire, England, They Will Compare Favorably With The Ores Of The Welsh Coal-fields, ...
Ores Of The South
Ores Of The South Mountains. These Mountains Are A Continuation Of The Blue Ridge Of Virginia, In The Same Geo Logical Formations And With The Same Ores; But Here The Primal Slates And Sandstones, Including The Potsdam, Are Repeated And Undulated In Folded Axes. The Range Of The Valley Limestones ...
Other Localities
Other Localities. Bitumen And Petroleum Like Those Of Trinidad And Cuba Are Also Found Near The City Of Maracaybo In Venezuela, At Murinda In New Granada, And In Numerous Volcanic Localities In Mexico And California; But The Consistency And Purity Of The Resulting Bitumen De Pend On The Character And ...
Outside Fixtures At Mines
Outside Fixtures At Mines. At All Mines, Where Large Amounts Of Material Are Handled, Elevation Is Required For The Purpose Of Transshipment Or Preparation. At Coal-mines, And Anthracite Mines In Particular, Considerable Elevation Is Required, In Order That The Coal May Pass Through The Processes Of Breaking, Cleaning, And Separation ...
Paleozoic Column In Illinois
Paleozoic Column In Illinois. Accompanying This Section, Figure 128, We Give The Pennsylvania And New York Equivalents, With The Respective Thickness Of Each. It Will Be Noticed That Few Of The Slates And Shales Of New York And Pennsylvania Are Found In Illinois, But That The Limestones Are Continuous; And ...
Palzeozoic Formations
Palzeozoic Formations. The Pakeozoic Strata, Resting On The Metamorphic, Insensibly Change From The Semi-crystalline To The Unaltered Sedimentary, And Are The First Rocks In The Order Of Creation Which Contain The Fossil Remains Of Animal Life. We Have, Therefore, In Our Foregoing Sketch Of The Mosaic Creation, Made These Rocks ...
Panther Creek Valley
Panther Creek Valley. The Waters Of The Former Mines, Or Rhume Run, At Nesquehoning, Running East, Fall Into The Lehigh River; While The Waters Of Panther Creek Valley, Running West, Unite With The Little Schuylkill At Tamaqua. The Basin Or Field Widens In This Direction, And The Veins Which Are ...
Patent Forges And Furnaces
Patent Forges And Furnaces. A Great Many Patents Have Been Granted In This Country And Europe For The Produc Tion Of Wrought Or Bar Iron. Direct From The Ore, But None Of Them Have Obtained Popu Larity. The Principle On Which All These Patent Modes Are Based Is The Deoxidization ...
Petersburg Mine
Petersburg Mine. We Have Been Kindly Furnished By General Pleasants With The Necessary Data To Present Our Readers With Several Interesting Illustrations Of The Celebrated Petersburg Mine, And The Triangulation By Which The Distance And Direction Were Obtained To Reach The Rebel Fort. It Will Be Noticed By Diagrams Nos. ...
Petroleum Rocks Of The
Petroleum Rocks Of The Great Basin. "rre Have Given A Representation Of Both The Ancient And Modern Formation Of The Eastern Part Of The Great Basin In Figure 4, Chapter Iii. In This Figure, The Dark Lines Underlying The White Rocks Which Support The Coal Are Designed As The Devonian ...
Or Alpha A
A, Or Alpha. This Is The Lowest Consistent Coal-bed In The Anthracite Or Bituminous Coal Measures In The Great Appalachian Formations. It Is Frequently Over Looked And Neglected; But We Have Never Examined A Locality In Any Of The True Bituminous Or Anthracite Coal-fields In The United States Where It ...
Or Daddow The Diamond
The Diamond, Or Daddow. This Is One Of The Larger And Persistent Red-ash Beds, And Is Found Uniform In Character Throughout The Red Ash Formations Or Upper Series Of The Coal Measures. It Ranges From 5 To 9 Feet In Thickness, And Lies From 250 To 300 Feet Above H, ...
Or Dauphin The South
The South, Or Dauphin, Fork. This Fork, Or Arm, Of The Southern Coal-field Is A Long, Deep, Narrow, And Single Basin, Being A Continuation Of The First, Or Pottsville, Basin, Parallel With The Sharp Mountain, Which Forms Its Southern Margin. The Peculiarities Of This Basin, As We Noticed Them In ...
Or Lykens Valley North
North, Or Lykens Valley, Fork. Passing West Of Tremont And Entering The Basin Of The North Fork, Or Bear Valley, We Soon Lose All Traces Of The Upper Or Red-ash Seams; And The Lower, Or White-ash, Also Terminate With The Measures In Which They Exist, As They Successively Rise To ...
Or Northern The Michigan
The Michigan, Or Northern, Coal-field. Coal-field Is Located In The Centre Of The State Of Michigan, And Between Lake Huron And Lake Michigan. Its Form And Position May Be Seen On The Miniature Map Of The Alleghany Coal-field On Page 318. The Location Of This Field Is Extremely Favorable, But ...
Or Petroleum Oil
Oil, Or Petroleum. No Work On Our Mineral Resources, And Particularly Mineral Fuels, Would Be Complete Without A Practical Or Theoretical Notice Of Our Great Petroleum Regions. To This End We Have Collected All The Available Information On The Subject, And Have Not Only Made Extensive Examinations Personally, But Have ...
Or Pottsville The First
The First, Or Pottsville, Basin. The First And Most Extensive Basin Lies Between The Sharp Mountain, 1, And The Gate Ridge Anticlinal, H, And Underlies Pottsville And Port Car Bon In This Vicinity. It Is Nearly A Mile Wide From Outcrop To Outcrop, And Is The Largest Basin In The ...
Or Roca Oil
Roca-oil, Or Petroleum, Has So Wonderfully And So Suddenly Assumed A Prominent Position Among Our Mineral Resources, For We Can Assign It No Other Position, That The Statician Has Been Unable To Keep Pace With The Development ; And, While The Production Has Grown From Little To Much, At A ...
Or Southern Coal Field The
The First, Or Southern Coal-field. First Of The Lies On The South Of The Anthracite Regions, And Extends In An East-and-west Direction From The Lehigh As Its Eastern Extremity To A Point Near The Susquehanna As Its Western Terminus. It Is A Long And Narrow Basin, Or Series Of Parallel ...
Or Synclinal Troughs Basins
Basins, Or Synclinal Troughs. Figure 61 Illustrates In A General Way The Undulations Of The Shamokin Coal-field Or Region, But Does Not Represent The Full Number Of Basins, Of Which There Are Not Less Than 14 Or 15 Narrow Synclinal And Parallel Troughs, Or Small Subordinate Basins. There Are Three ...
Or Tide Water The Richmond
The Richmond, Or Tide-water, Coal-field. This Coal-field Crosses The James River About 12 Miles West Of Rich Mond, Virginia, And Extends In A North-and South Direction To The Appo Mattox, 20 Miles West Of Petersburg. It Is About 30 Miles Long By 5 Miles Wide, And Contains An Area Of ...
Or Towanda Coal Field Barclay
Barclay, Or Towanda Coal-field. The Barclay Coal-field Lies About 20 Miles In A Direct Line Northwest Of The North Mountain Coal-field, And In The Second Basin Northwest Of The Alleghany Escarpment,—as The North Mountain Is The First, And Lying Immediately Along Its First Plateau. The Barclay Consists Of Numerous Small ...
Or Water Levels Drifts
"drifts," Or Water-levels. The First Mode Of Mining Coal Was By Open Quarry, Or By Uncover Ing The Coal-beds Where They Ap Proached The Surface At Their Out Crops, And Extracting As Much Of The Coal As Possible Until Prevented By Water Or The Increasing Thickness Of The Covering Earth. ...
Or Withdrawing Long Wall Working
Long-wall Working Back, Or Withdrawing. This Plan Of Long-wall May Be Used In The Panel Or Boundary System Instead Of The "board And Wall," The Only Difference Being In The Board Being Carried Wide And The Long Way Narrow, And That The Air Is Carried Across The Walls Instead Of ...
Or The Buck Mountain
B, Or The Buck Mountain Bed. This Is The Second Seam Or Bed Of The Anthracite Coal Measures, And Is Separated From A By 30 To 100 Feet Of Strata,—sometimes Almost Entirely Of Conglomerate, With Small Strata Of Slate, But Frequently By Thin Sandstones And Slates. It Is Generally A ...