Pilot Knob
Pilot Knob. About Six Miles To The South Of Iron Mountain Is Pilot Knob, Which Is An Isolated Peak Or Knob About 580 Feet In Elevation Above The Plain, And About 11,000 Feet Above St. Louis. The Rocky Strata Of Pilot Knob Is A Dark, Silicious Slate, Distinctly Bedded, And ...
Pittston District
Pittston District. This Portion Of The Coal-field Lies Indefinitely Between The Lackawanna And Wyoming Regions, And In The Vicinity Of The Junction Of The Lacka Wanna With The Susquehanna, At The Entrance Of The Latter Into The Valley. The Coal Measures Are More Disturbed And Irregular In This Locality Than ...
Plans Of Mines And
Plans Of Mines And Mining Properties. It Is Not Only Useful, But Necessary, That Plans Should Be Made And Preserved Of All Mining Estates And Mining Operations. They Not Only Present The Whole Scheme Of Operation To The Eye And The Mind, Bringing The Facts And Natural Advantages To A ...
Pneumatic Machinery
Pneumatic Machinery. Perhaps The Most Simple, Economical, And Safe Mode Of Raising Coal Or Water From Deep Mines Is The Pneumatic Process, Or By The Use Of Compressed Air. We Think The First Cost Of Establishing This Process Would Not Be Much Greater Than The Modes Now In Use ; ...
Pottsville District
Pottsville District. Portion Of The Southern Coal-field Is Prominent As Its Central And Most Developed District; And Here We Find All The Veins Known To The Anthracite Formations Of Pennsylvania In Order And Uniformity Consistent With Other Regions. Here We Find, Also, The Deepest Basins, And All The Peculiarities Developed ...
Practical Illustrations
Practical Illustrations. The Value Of The Cotton Crop Exported May Be $190,000,000, But The Value Of The Articles Consumed By The Producers To Supply Their Wants Would Be Greater. It Is Notorious That, While The Few Planters Lived In Ease And Luxury, The "poor Whites" And Negroes, Or Over One-hllf ...
Practical Mining
Practical Mining. The First Mode Of Working Coal In The Early Days Of Mining, Or From The First Intro Duction Of System In Under-ground Mines, Was By " Post And Stall," Or " Pillar And Breast," As Now Practised In This Country Generally. The Plan Is To Get As Much ...
Principle And Operatioi Of
Principle And Operatioi Of The Blast-furnace. Figure 180 Represents The Interior Of The Blast Furnace. The Form Is That Which Is General Where Anthracite Coal Is Used As A Fuel. The Height And Diameter Of These Anthracite Furnaces Vary Con- • Siderably. The Most Available Dimensions Are Twenty Feet Diameter ...
Production Of The
Production Of The Mines.-j " One-eighth Of All The Iron Now Made In The Entire United States Is Dug From The Mines Of Marquette County, And Yet Ten Years Ago A Piece Of Lake Superior Ore Was A Curiosity To Most Of Our Practical Metallurgists. With The Completion Of The ...
Progress Of Invention And
Progress Of Invention And Development. Previous To 1660 The Transportation Or Conveyance Of Coal, Both Above And Below Ground, Was Done By Hand Or By Horse-power, And For A Long Subsequent Period Much Of The Conveyance Was Done In The Same Manner. Women And Girls Generally Conveyed The Coals To ...
Prominent Localities Of The
Prominent Localities Of The Brown Hematites. We Shall Not Be Able To Name But A Very Few Of The Many Prominent Localities Where This Ore Exists In Large Bodies. In Alabama, The Carboniferous Or Mountain Limestone Approach So Near The Silurian Rocks And The Valley Limestones, And Their Ores Are ...
Protection
Protection Vs. Free Trade. Raving Noticed Why England Is Able To Undersell Us In Our Own Markets, And That She Can Cripple The Manufacturer Of Any Nation Not Aided By Labor-saving Machinery, Without Regard To The Cheapness Of Labor, We May Now Show How Our Policy Has Been Framed To ...
Pumping Machinery
Pumping-machinery. The Drainage Of Deep Mines Is A Question Of Equal Importance With Any Other Con Sideration In Mining Matters. To Deliver 100 Or 1000 Gallons Of Water Per Minute From A Depth Of 100 Or 1000 Feet Requires Not Only Powerful Machinery, But Reliable And Durable Fixtures. If We ...
Quantities
Quantities. There Are Certain Conditions, As Before Stated, Necessary To The Existence Of Oil In Available Quantities And Position. These Are, Briefly—simply Considering The Lithological And Topographical Features : First, Uniformity Of Stratification ; Second, Horizontal Posi Tion; Third, The Absence Of Fissures, Dikes, And Crevices For The Abundant Escape ...
Recent Coal Formations
Recent Coal Formations. We Cannot Properly Close This Geological Sketch Of The Rocks Of The Earth And The Place Of Coal Among Them, Without Referring To The Coal Formations Of A Later Date Than Our True Carboniferous Coal Measures. Of Those Later Formations We Have Several Deposits In Virginia And ...
Resources And Policy Of
Resources And Policy Of The Union. A Few Words Will Explain The Colonial History Of The Provinces Under British Rule. They Were "drawers Of Water And Hewers Of Wood" To England. They Supplied Her With Such Raw Material As She Could Not Produce At Home, And Opened Markets For Her ...
Resources Of The Great
Resources Of The Great Basin. The Resources Of The Great Inland Basin Which We Have Been Describing Are, Without Exception, Superior To Any Thing Of The Kind Which The World Can Present,—in Fact, So Immeasurably Superior That No Comparison Can Be Made Even With The Most Favored Mineral Region Yet ...
Rock Faults
Rock Faults. Figure 108 Illustrates A Fault Frequently Met In All Coal-fields, And One Common To The Anthracite Regions. It Consists Of A Stratum Of Slate Or Rock Rising From The Bottom And Ascending Diagonally Across The Coal To The Top, Or Vice Versa. This Is A Troublesome Character Of ...
Rock Faults_2
Rock Faults. On Page 295 We Stated Our Inability To Account For A Certain Class Of Rock Faults, Shown In Figure 110, In Which The Rock Occupies Narrow Walls Across The Plane Of The Coal, Sometimes Only A Few Feet In`thickness, Dividing The Coal In The Form Of A Dike, ...
Scientific And Practical Mining
Scientific And Practical Mining. Mining And Practical Mining May Be Said To Be Almost Synonymous Terms. But The Application Of Science And The Higher Intelligences To The Practical And Experi Mental Part Of Mining Has Enabled The Miner To Penetrate Two Thousand Feet Into The Bowels Of The Earth And ...
Scranton District Of The
Scranton District Of The Lackawanna Coal-region. The Lackawanna Coal Region Is The Eastern Portion Or Half, Or The Northern Anthracite Coal-field. The Scranton District Was The Last In This Coal-field To Be Developed, As The Carbondale District Was Practically The First; But At Present It Is First Both In Regard ...
Sections Of
Sections Of Otiteit Seams. Fig. 28 Is A Section Of Scranton D Vein, Or Our H, Which Lies Above The Primrose, And Corre Sponds With The Orchard. This Section Is From The Bellevue Mines, And Is Not Worked; At Other Points It Is Found In A Workable Condition, And Ranges ...
Sedimentary Deposits
Sedimentary Deposits. We Distinguish The Sedimentary Deposits Of The Palaaozoic Formations From Those Of The Azoic, Because They Have Been Formed Under Different Circumstances. Though Per Haps The Greatest Amount Of Material Forming The Immense Palmozoic Deposits Of The Appalachian Basin Was Derived Almost Direct From Volcanic Sources, It Is ...
Sedimentary Deposits And Beds
Sedimentary Deposits And Beds. In The Early Periods Of Creation The Metallic Ores Seem To Have Been Less Abundant Than During Subsequent Periods. They Were Either Too Minutely Distributed Through The Materials Of The Globe, Or Too Dense To Be The First Material Vented From The Con Densing Earth. We ...
Shafts
Shafts. When The Seams Have A Limited Dip, Say 25° Or Less, And Where Cars Can Be Used In The Breasts, Shafts Are More Available Than Slopes, Since The Length Of The Slope Is Proportionately Increased, While The Depth Of The Shaft Is Decreased; And The Objec Tions To The ...
Six Mile Run Coal Company
Six-mile Run Coal Company. Tuts Coal Company Is Located On A Magnificent Coal Estate Of Eleven Hundred And Eighty-six Acres, In The Heart Of The Now Celebrated Broad Top Coal Field,—the Whole Tract Being Underlaid With The Principal Seams Of The Region, And Estimated To Con Tain 20,000,000 Tons Of ...
Six Months Experience
Six Months' Experience. "mr. W. Fisher, Manager Of Mr. Bennett's Works, Said, In Answer To Inquiries, That The Puddling-machines Had Now Been At Work Constantly During The Day For The Last Six Months At The Wombridge Iron-works, And Continued To Work As Well Now As They Did When First Started; ...
Slip Dikes
Slip Dikes. The Faults Of The English Coal-seams, Therefore, Are Quite Different In Form And Character From Those Which Are Peculiar To Our Anthracite Beds. There The Chief Or Predominating Feature Of Faults In Coal Is That Of Trap Dikes And " Slip Dikes," Which Affect The Seams Extensively And ...
Slopes
Slopes. In The Anthracite Regions, Where The Seams Dip At A High Angle, Slopes Dug In The Seam And Following Its Dip Are Generally Made Use Of In The Manner Set Forth In Figure 139, And As Represented In Several Illustrations On Other Pages. This Mode Is The Most Available ...
Slopes Shafts
Shafts, Slopes, Tunnels, Etc. In The Accompanying Illustration, Figure 139, We Present The Various Modes Of Mining As Pursued In The Anthracite Coal-fields. The Deep, Abrupt Basin Of Coal On The Left Is Opened By Slope, A, A, In Preference To Any Other Mode, As The Simplest And Most Available. ...
South American Coals
South American Coals. Coal Exists At Various Localities Along The Pacific Coast, From Russian America To Patagonia, And Is Now Mined To A Limited Extent In Vancouver's Island, Washington Territory, Oregon, California, At Panama, In New Granada, And At The Towns Of Lota, Lotilla, And Coronel, In Chili. But All ...
South Wales Anthracite Coal
South Wale's Anthracite Coal. We Have, Perhaps, Devoted More Space To The Newcastle Coals Than Would Be Prudent If We Proposed A General Description Of The English Coal-fields In Detail; But Such A Course Would Be Neither Appropriate Nor Desirable In A Work Essentially American And Devoted To An Exposition ...
Steel Of Cementation
Steel Of Cementation. Steel Of Cementation, Or That Made From Superior Bars Or Good Soft Iron, By The Addi Tion Of The Proper Quantity Of Carbon, Is The Most Uniform And Best For All The Require Ments Of The Arts That Has Yet Been Produced, Or Is Likely To Be ...
Surveying Without The Magnetic
Surveying Without The Magnetic Needle. This Is A Comparatively New Method Of Mine Surveying. "necessity Is The Mother Of Invention," And The Introduction Of Railroads And "tram-ways" In Mines Drove The Surveyor To Seek Some Substitute For The Needle,—which The Attraction Of The Iron Rendered Useless,—and He Has Succeeded. In ...
Swatara District
Swatara District. In Proceeding Westward, We Shall Briefly Notice A Few Of The Chief Or Dis Tinguishing Formations, And Shall Not Reiterate That Which We Have Already Stated Concerning The Seams And Their Peculiarities, Since There Is A General Sameness Of The Measures From Pottsville To Tremont, And The Mj.mber ...
Systematic Mining
Systematic Mining. We Wish, However, To Call Particular Attention To This Important Subject, As One Of The Most Interesting Questions Connected With The Mining Economy Of The Anthracite Regions. To The Landed Proprietors It Would Save Millions Of Dollars Per Annum, And To The Mining Operators Perhaps Not Less; While ...
Tamaqua District
Tamaqua District. The Narrow, Contracted, And Vertical Character Of The Eastern Formations Of The Basin Is Fully Illustrated At Tamaqua, Where The Folded And Tilted Condition Of The Measures Exhibits All The Phenomena Of Depression And Contraction. But Here The Coal Is Less Injured In Quality And Quantity Than At ...
Tariffs Of 1824 28
Tariffs Of 1824-28. In 1824, Protection To Our Domestic Industry Was Again Forced On The Country By Necessity. The Manufactures Of The Country Were Disintegrating Under The Process Of Foreign Rivalry, Our People Were Reduced To The Standard Of Foreign Labor, With Which They Were Forced To Compete; And Not ...
The Alleghany Coal Field In
The Alleghany Coal-field In Kentucky. We Shall Briefly Present A Few Of The Leading Features Of This Portion Of The Great Coal-field, Since It Is But Little Developed, And Presents But Few Points Of Special Interest, Where The Coal Is Intersected By Navigable Rivers, Since It Lies Near The Head ...
The Alleghany Coal Field In_2
The Alleghany Coal-field In Tennessee. The Geological Reports Of The Coal Formations Of East Tennessee Are Use Less For All Practical Purposes ; And, As But Little Development Has Been Made In Mining Operations, We Are Left To Our Limited Knowledge Of The Region In Question For Available Data. The ...
The Alleghany Coal Field In_3
The Alleghany Coal-field In Ohio. The Coal-area Of Ohio Has Been Variously Stated At From 5000 To 12,000 Square Miles. We Have Taken It At 7100 Square Miles Productive Coal-area, Which Will Be Its Maximum, Though The Coal Measures, Including The Carbo Niferous Limestone, Extend Over One-third Of The State. ...
The Ancient Appalachian Sea
The Ancient Appalachian Sea. The Margin Of This Ancient Sea Is Not Only Now Plainly Defined To The Eye Of The Geologist, But An Investigation Of The Fact Would Lead To The Same Result. In The First Place, We Do Not Merely Infer, But We Know, That Originally The Highest ...
The Anthracite Coal Fields Of
The Anthracite Coal-fields Of Pennsylvania. Have Now The Most Interesting Portions Of Our Work Before Us, And To Ourselves And Our Country The Most Important. Perhaps Of All Mineral Deposits The Most Valuable In This Of In Any Other Country Is That Which We Propose To Describe In The Following ...
The Arcadian Coal Fields
The Arcadian Coal-fields. These Coal-fields Are Located In The Extreme Northeastern Limits Of The Ancient Appalachian Sea, And, By Their Singular And Peculiar Structure, Offer Conclusive Evidence In Favor Of The Propositions We Have Set Forth And The Theory Which We Regard As Established By The Facts Developed In Regard ...
The Beaver Meadow Basin
The Beaver Meadow Basin. This Is The First Or Most Southern Of The Lehigh Basins, And Extends From A Point Several Miles East Of The Village Of Beaver Meadow To Its Western Terminus Near Mount Alter, Some Two Miles From The Honeybrook Mines, The Distance Being About 12 Miles, And ...
The Bessemer And Kelly
The Bessemer And Kelly Patents. The Bessemer Patent For The United States Was Issued November 11, 1856 ; But On A Trial Of Interference At Our Patent Office, Between Mr. Bessemer And William Kelly, Of Eddyville, Kentucky, It Was Decided That Mr. Kelly Was The Prior Inventor, And A Patent ...
The Big Tracy
The Big Tracy. Figure 87 Does Not Represent The Big Tracy In Its Best Condition, But We Think It About The Mean, Or An Average Illustration Of Its Character. We Have Attempted To Project All The Sections Of Coal-strata On A Scale Of One-tenth Of An Inch To A Foot; ...
The Blast Furnace
The Blast-furnace. In Our Improved Charcoal Hot-blast Furnaces Three Cords Of Dry Oak Or Pitch-pine Wood Will Produce A Ton Of Pig Metal; But In The Cold-blast Furnace, With The Same Degree Of Perfection In Mechanical Construction, And The Same Skill In Conducting The Operations, Five Cords Of Wood Are ...
The Blossburg Basin
The Blossburg Basin. This, As Before Observed, Is Nearly West Of The Barclay And Ralston, And Is The Northwestern Extremity Of The Third Alleghany Basin. The Coal Here Contains More Bitumen Than The Barclay, But Still Is Classed Among The Dry, Free-burning, Bituminous, Or Steam Coals. The Blossburg Mines Are ...
The Catalan Forge
The Catalan Forge. The Production Of Iron Involves Scientific Questions Of Great And Absorbing Import Ance; But It Is Scarcely Possible For A Pure Philosopher, Inexperienced In The Art Of Elaborating The Metals, To Render Much Assistance To The Improvement Of Their Manu Facture. Nor Is It Likely That The ...
The Coal Flora
The Coal Flora. We Have Before Us "a Low Shore Thickly Covered With Vegetation. High Trees Of Wonderful Form Stand Out Far Into The Water. ,there Seems No Intervening Beach. A Thick Hedge Of Reeds, Tall As The Masts Of Pinnaces, Runs Along The Deeper Bays, Like Water-flags At The ...
The Coal Measures
The Coal Measures. In This Outline Sketch We Wish To Present Clearly And In A Practical Manner, Not Only The Place Of Coal Among The Rocks, But To Illustrate Briefly The Extent Of Our Great Appalachian Formations, Or The Immense Area Of The American Coal-fields Within Its Wide Embrace, Which ...
The Coal Measures
The Coal Measures. That The Paleozoic Strata Thin Or Depreciate In A Westward Direction Has Been Clearly Demonstrated; And We May Presume That The Coal Measures Are No Exception To The General Rule. But The Depreciation Of The Coal Measures Bears No Proportion To The Depreciation Of Certain Subordinate Rocks. ...
The Coals Of Australia
The Coals Of Australia. The Coal Formations Of Aus Tralia Are As Peculiar As Most Of Its Productions. It Will Be No Ticed That The Coal-seams Are Beneath The Conglomerate, Instead Cf Above It, And That The Heavy Sandstones Corresponding With The " Old Red" Are The Superior Instead Of ...
The Coals Of The
The Coals Of The Great Kanawha Region, As We Shall Specially Describe, Are Of Various Constituencies, And Are Adaptable To All The Requirements Of The Trades And Manufactures. The Hard And Caking, With The Fat And Gaseous Bituminous, The Variable Splint, And The Rich And Oily Cannel, Are All Found ...
The Compromise Act
The Compromise Act. In 1833 The Celebrated Compromise Act Became A Law, And Reduced The Duties On Imported Goods About One-half. The Effects Of This Reduction Were Not Immediately Felt. The Change From Abundance To Famine Is Gradual; Want Comes When Waste Stops From Exhaustion. Our Surplus Supported Us For ...
The Conditions Necessary To
The Conditions Necessary To The Existence Of Coal. We Will Briefly Notice Here The Undeveloped Coal Regions Reported, And Give Such Information Regarding Them As We May Find Available. Outside Of The Countries Enumerated Above, But Little Is Known Of The Coal Forma Tions Of The World, Though It Is ...
The Conglomerate Rock Of
The Conglomerate Rock Of The Coal Measures. On Page 57, In Describing This Rock We Were Induced To Follow The Theories Of Rogers And Lesley In Regard To Its Origin And Formation,—first Because We Have Much Confidence In Professor Lesley's Opinions ; And, Second, Because The Argu Ments Presented Seemed ...
The Cumberland Region
The Cumberland Region. The Cumberland Coal-region In Maryland Belongs Properly To The Great Alleghany Coal-field, Though Separated From The Great Body Of That Field By The High Axis Of The Negro Mountain, As Shown By The Accompanying Map And Sections. Most Of The Coal-mines In Maryland Are In The Frost ...
The Deep River Coal Field
The Deep River Coal-field. The Deep River Coal-field Lies Principally In Chatham County, North Carolina, And On The Deep River, Which Is The South Branch Of Cape Fear River. The Coal-area, As Far As Developed, Is Limited, And Less In Proportion Than Represented In Our Map,—perhaps Not Over 60 Square ...
The Distribution Of Petroleum
The Distribution Of Petroleum. We Shall Say But A Few Words On This Subject, Since Its Distribution Within The Great Basin Has Been Pretty Thoroughly Discussed In The Preceding Pages, While Its Existence In Volcanic Regions Has Also Been Mentioned. Its General Distribution Through All Form Ations And In All ...
The Dynamic Value Of
The Dynamic Value Of Coal. Rogers, In His Geology Of Pennsylvania, Has Given A Very Curious State Ment Of The Force Or Power Derived From The Combustion Of Certain Amounts Of Coal, Which, While It Presents An Approximate Estimate And Conveys To The Mind An Idea Of The Mechanical Force ...
The Economy Of Smelting
The Economy Of Smelting. Instead Of Altering The Form And Increasing The Body Of The Furnace, A Better Plan Is To Prepare The Ore For A More Rapid And Complete Deoxidization And Carbonization; And This Can Be Done With Much Economy By A Simple Process. The Objection To An Increase ...
The Elaboration Of Iron
The Elaboration Of Iron And Steel. "nothing Is New," And Philosophy Teaches Us The Same ; But We Have Heard The Saying Of The Wise Man Tortured Into A Different Meaning,—that Nothing Now Exists Which Did Not Formerly Have The Same Shape And Character. In A Word, That Steamships Ploughed ...
The False Coal Measures
The False Coal Measures. The False Or Proto-carboniferous Formation Overlie The Vespertine Rocks. This Formation Is, Perhaps, Cotemporary Or Of The Same Era With The English Lower Coal Series, Beneath The Millstone Grit. It Rarely Develops In Any Commercial Value In Our American Formations, But Is Coextensive With The Appalachian ...
The First Railway
The First Railway. The First Railroad Of Any Note,—except A Short One Of Three Miles At Quincy, Massachusetts,—in This Country, Was Constructed From Mauch Chunk To The Summit Mines, A Distance Of Nine Miles, In 1827. This Was And Is A Gravity Road, Having A Descent From The Mines To ...
The Formation And Origin
The Formation And Origin Of Coal. The Preceding Chapter We Presented The Appalachian Basin As It Existed At The Commencement Of The Carboniferous Era, When The Violent Volcanic Action Of That Portion Of Our Continent Had Ceased Or Become Intermittent, And The Great Depths Of The Ancient Sea Had Been ...
The Gate
The Gate. This Is The Upper Reliable Seam In The Anthracite Regions, And Is Perhaps The Most Valuable Of The Strictly Red-ash Veins Above The Primrose. It Is Extensively Worked, And Has Been Mined To A Great Depth At Several Distinct And Distant Localities,— For Instance, At The York Farm, ...
The Gate Ridge Anticlinal
The Gate Ridge Anticlinal Succeeds The First, Or Southern, Basin. The Strata Here Present The Same Appearance On Their North Dip As In The Sharp Mountain. A Singular Phenomenon Is Here Presented Of South-dipping Angles On Both Sides Of An Anticlinal And Also On Both Sides Of A Synclinal Axis. ...
The Great Alleghany Coal Field
The Great Alleghany Coal-field. Order To Trace A Connection Between The Anthracite And Bituminous Fields, We Propose To Devote A Few Pages To The Connecting Or Intermediate Basins Or Bodies Of Coal Which Exist As Outlying Patches Along The North Eastern Margin Of The Great Alleghany Field. Those Deposits Are ...
The Great Azoic Belt
The Great Azoic Belt. In This Great Zone Of Rocks, Which Encircle The Entire Appalachian Basin, And, Which Have An Immense Spread In Many Localities, We Find The Proper Region Of The Magnetic Ores Or Those Peculiar To The Trappean Formations. The Gneissic Rocks And Associate Slates Are Generally Embraced ...
The Great Conglomerate
The Great Conglomerate. This Is The Fourth Great Sand-rock In The Palozoic Formations, And Is The Immediate Floor Or Base Of The True Coal Measures. It Is Deposited On The Mud Of The Umbral Red Shales In The East, Where It Is Of Great Thick Ness, And Is Composed Generally ...
The Great Conglomerate
The Great Conglomerate. The Formation Next In Order Of Deposit In The Waters Of The Ancient Sea Is The Great Conglomerate, Which Is The Floor And Base Of The Coal Measures. This Formation, Like All The Strata Of The Appalachian Basin, Excepting The Lime, Is In Vast Preponderance In The ...
The Great Conglomerate_2
The Great Conglomerate. This Peculiar Rock Seems To Be The Base-rock Or Floor Of All The True Coal Formations, Or Those Of The Great Carboniferous Era, Throughout The World, Wherever Such Coal Is Found. We Do Not Find Any Great, Reliable, Or Extensive Coal-field In Any Other Condition. An Exception ...