The Great Kanawha As
The Great Kanawha As A Mining And Manufacturing Region. We Do Not Propose In This Connection To Devote Much Space To The Consideration Of Salt, Oil, Or Iron Ore Separate From Their Connection With Coal; But We Wish To Call Especial Attention To This Magnificent Region, Which Has Been So ...
The Great Limestone
The Great Limestone. Its Limits Follow Closely The Ancient Boundaries Of The Sea, As Formerly Set Forth, But Is Encircled By The Rim Of Metamorphic Strata, Which Was The Production Of Volcanic Agencies To The Period Of The Lime. We May Note The Present Outcrops Of This Great Ocean-bed. Starting ...
The Great Western Coal Field
The Great Western Coal-field In Missouri And Iowa. The Great Western Coal-field, As We Before Stated, Is Part Of The Central Coal-field, And Might Be Appropriately Described Under The Name Of The "great Central ;" For Such It Is. On The East Of The Mississippi, The Accompanying Map Displays The ...
The Hazleton Basin
The Hazleton Basin. The Town Of Hazleton Is Near The Middle Of The Hazle Ton Basin, And Is 15 Miles From Penn Haven, On The Lehigh River, With Which It Is Connected By Rail. This Is The Largest Of The Lehigh Basins, And Is About 13 Miles Long By One ...
The Importation Of Food
The Importation Of Food, Free Trade Not Only Reduces The Price Of Our Products, Hut Limits The Markets For Our Agricultural Products Abroad. The Largest Amount Of Provisions We Have Ever Exported Is $80,000,000 Per Annum ; Of Which Less Than Half Went To The Manufacturing Countries Of Europe. During ...
The Iron Hills Of
The Iron Hills Of Cornwall. This Singular Deposit Of Ores Is, We Believe, Peculiar To The Locality. They Are Pro Duced By The Intrusion Of A Trap Dike, Which Originates In The Azoic, Though Bursting Through The Overlying Mesozoic, Near The South Mountains, And Which Enters The Valley Near Cornwall ...
The Keystone Colliery
The Keystone Colliery Is On The North Dip Of The Locustdale Basin, And On The Same Coal-beds Which Are Worked By The Locustdale Coal Company On Their South Dips. The Character And Extent Of This Basin Will Be Found Fully Discussed In The Body Of This Book, In The General ...
The Lackawanna Region Carbondale District
The Lackawanna Region.-carbondale District. The Accompanying Section, Fig. 23, Shows The Depth Of The Coal Measures At Carbondale, The Number Of Veins, And The Thickness Of Coal Which They Contain. The Figures Represent Feet ; Those In The Body Of The Column, The Thickness Of The Intervening Slates And Sandstones, ...
The Lehigh Coal Basins
The Lehigh Coal-basins. Do Not Propose To Include Under This Head The Old Lehigh Summit Mines Or The Room Run Mines : They Belong Properly To The First Or Southern Anthracite Coal-field, In The Eastern End Of Which They Are Located. Under The General Head Of The Lehigh Coal-basins We ...
The Little Tracy
The Little Tracy. The Little Tracy Is A Solid Bed Of Excellent Coal. It Is Seldom Faulty Or Impure, But It Varies Considerably In Size, Ranging Gene Rally Between 3 And 4 Feet, But Sometimes Depreciates To 12 Inches, And Has Been Known To Exceed 5 Feet In Thickness. This ...
The Lower Coal Beds
The Lower Coal-beds. The Existence Of Workable Beds Beneath The Mammoth And Skidmore Has Been Denied By Some Of Our Promi Nent Engineers, And But Little Is Known Concerning Them By The Miners Of Schuylkill. It Is Unsafe, However, To Conclude On General Formations From Local Causes And Evidences. Those ...
The Lower Coals
"the Lower Coals Form In Western Pennsylvania A System By Them Selves, As Has Been Said Already. Clinging As It Were To The Face Of The Conglomerate, The Lower System Fared Better Than The Upper One, And Has Been Left To Cover An Immense Area. In Fact, It Forms By ...
The Machinery Required By
The Machinery Required By The Bessemer Process. The Bessemer Process Is Exceedingly Simple. The Whole Process Rests Upon The Action Which A Strong Current Of Air Exerts Upon The Elements With Which It Meets When Forced Through A Mass Of Melted Pig Iron. The Stirring And Combustion Which It Produces ...
The Mammoth
The Mammoth. This Is The Great Bed Of The Anthracite Coal-fields, And Perhaps, Considering Its Extent And Frequent Enlargements, The Most Magnificent Coal-bed In The World. Its Most Pro Ductive Or Best Condition Is Perhaps Thirty Feet In Thick Ness; But It Varies From 12 To 70 Feet. In Figure ...
The Manufacture Of Steel
The Manufacture Of Steel. Steel Is Produced From Iron, Direct From The Ores, By Extracting A Portion Of The Carbon From Cast Iron, Or By Adding Carbon To Malleable Or Bar Iron. It Is Simply A Compound Of Carbon And Iron, As Cast Iron Is; But Cast Iron Contains From ...
The Massacre Of Wyoming
The Massacre Of Wyoming. In The Year 1778, When Most Of The Able-bodied Or Young Men Of The Valley Were With Washington In The Continental • Army, A Descent Was Made By The Tories And Indians From Sir John Johnson's Department In The North, Under Col. John Or " Indian ...
The Method Of Operating
The Method Of Operating The Machinery Just Described. During The Treatment Of Cast Iron In The Bessemer Apparatus, The Operator Concen Trates His Attention Upon The Following Points:—the Character Of The Flames And Sparks That Flow From The Mouth Of The Converter; The Character Of The Smoke That Rises From ...
The New River
The New River Not Only On Both Banks Of The New River Are The Brown Oxides Of The Limestones Found, But The Red And Brown Oxides Of The Copper-region Are Also Penetrated By This Stream. It Runs For Fifty Miles Through The Rich Limestone Valley, Abounding In Iron And Lead, ...
The New River Coal Fields
The New River Coal-fields. These Coal-fields Are Located Principally In Montgomery And Pulaski Counties, In Southwestern Virginia, And On The Waters Of The New River, Which Is.a, Continuation Of The Great Kanawha. The Formation Of Which These Fields Are Parts Is Very Extensive,—apparently Of Equal Extent To The Vast Area ...
The North Mountain Coal Field
The North Mountain Coal-field. This Coal Deposit Lies In Portions Of Sullivan, Wyoming, And Luzerne Counties. The Formation Is Comparatively Extensive, Though The Amount Of Available Coal Is Limited. It Consists Of A Wide Area Or Plateau Of Con Glomerate, With Small Bodies Or Patches Of Coal Scattered Over It, ...
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire. The Coal Of Turkey Is Principally In Asia Minor, But Partly In Europe, And Lies Along The Shores Of Marmora And The Black Sea, And Is Distributed Over A Range Of 180 Miles Along These Seas And The Archipelago. It Appears To Have A Wide Distribution In ...
The Pennamite War
The Pennamite War. A Word Now In Relation To The Feuds And Wars Of The White Man For The Possession Of Wyoming. On The 3d Of November, 1620, James I. Of England Granted To The " Plymouth Company" All The Territory Lying Between The Fortieth And Forty-sixth Degrees Of North ...
The Philadelphia Erierailroad
The Philadelphia & Erie Railroad. This Railroad Runs Along The Northwestern Margin Of The Main Alle Gheny Coal-field, From Lock Haven To Warren. At Several Points This Line Cuts Into The Main Coal-field, Which Extends Unbroken To The South And Southwest; But To The Northeast The Coal Exists Only In ...
The Piedmont Coal Field
The Piedmont Coal-field. This Small Deposit Of Coal Lies West Of The Richmond Coal-field, As Located On The Map Representing It In Connection With The Richmond Coal-field. It Exists In The Counties Of Prince Edward And Cumberland. The Formation Extends From A Point Near The James River Across The Appomattox ...
The Pneumatic Process
The Pneumatic Process. Steel Has Been Made By This Process In Germany For A Long Period, While It Has Fre Quently Been Produced, Both By Accident And Design, Direct From The Ore, By Using More Or Less Air In The Operation Of Smelting, And More Or Less Carbon (coal) In ...
The Pneumatic Process Of
The Pneumatic Process Of Manufacturing Steel And Malleable Iron By The Bessemer Patent In England. The Following Extracts From A Paper Recently Read Before The Mechanical Section Of The British Association By Henry Bessemer, On His Process Of Manufacturing Steel, Will Illustrate The Subject Fully, And Present To Our Readers ...
The Practical American Miner
The Practical American Miner. , In His Wonderful Providence, Has Blessed Our Country, Above All Others, With The Most Magnificent Profusion Of Mineral Wealth. When Compared With The Most Favored Lands, Where Coal And Iron Are Essential Elements Of National Wealth And Greatness, Our Country Far Surpasses Them All In ...
The Practical Development Of
The Practical Development Of Mines, Opening And Practically Developing Mines Of Coal, Much Depends On The Natural Condition In Which The Coal Exists. In Some Localities The Coal Is Entirely In The Moun Tains And Above Water-level, As Shown To Be Generally The Case On The Great Kanawha River In ...
The Practical Development Of_2
The Practical Development Of Our Resources. Resources In Coal And Iron Are Unlimited. Both In Quantity And Quality They Are Superior To All Competition. The Rest Of The World Combined Will Not Compare With Our Single Country In The One Nor The Other. We Possess Thirty-four Times The Quantity Of ...
The Primrose
The Primrose. The Primrose Is A Large And Productive Bed, Generally Regular And Reliable In Character, And Is Mined With Economy. It Ranges From 9 To 16 Feet In Thickness, And Is Generally Classed With The White-ash Beds, Though It Is More Properly A Pink-ash. The Bottom Bench Is A ...
The Protection Of War
"the Protection Of War." The Limited Tariff Of 1861 Could Not Have Had The Effect Of Suddenly Starting Our Factories And Reviving Our Industry To The Astonishing Extent We Have Witnessed During The Past Three Years. In 1812, The Demands And "protection" Of War Revived Our In Dustry, And Brought ...
The Puddling Process
The Puddling-process. The Process Of Puddling, Or The Decarbonization Of Cast Iron By Stirring It While In A Fluid Condition And Exposing All Parts To An Oxidizing Current Of Flame And Air In A Reverberatory Furnace, Was Invented In 1783-84 By Mr. Henry Cort, Of Gosport, Eng Land. He Also ...
The Safety Lamp
The Safety-lamp. Many Regard The Invention Of The Miner's Safety-lamp By Sir Humphry Davy, George Stephenson, And Dr. Clanny—for They Are All The Productions Of About The Same Period—as Improvements In The Art And Science Of Mining, And Regard Those Inventors As Benefactors In Saving Life. But However Valuable The ...
The Sandrock
The Sandrock. This Is The Upper Workable Seam In The Anthracite Mea Sures; But It Is Generally Considered Too Small For Attention At Present, Though We Believe It Has Been Worked As The South Salem. It Ranges From 2 To 4 Feet, And Lies From 100 To 150 Feet Above ...
The Schuylkill Region
The Schuylkill Region, In Point Of Prominence And Present Development The Schuylkill Region Is The Most Important, And Has More Claims To The Attention Of The Historian Than Either Of Those Before Mentioned, Since In Connection We Must Also Include The History Of The Mahanoy Region, As An Off-shoot Or ...
The Shamokin Region
The Shamokin Region. This, As We Before Stated, Is The Western End Or Portion Of The Middle Coal-field, And Is Perhaps The "largest Half," Though The Field Is Nearly Equally Divided By The Locust Ridge Or So-called Mountain. The Eastern Or Mahanoy Region Is Estimated To Contain 41 Square Miles ...
The Sterling Iron Mountain
The Sterling Iron Mountain. Sterling Mountain Is Situated At The Outlet Of Sterling Lake. It Rises From Three To Four Hundred Feet Above The Lake, And Its Eastern Side Displays One Vast Mass Of Black Oxide, Of Unknown Thickness. Enough Can Be Seen, However, To Justify The Assertion That It ...
The Stratified Or Sedimentary
The Stratified Or Sedimentary Ores. By Sedimentary Ores We Mean The Stratified Or Bedded Ores Of The Coal-fields, And Those Of The Formations Immediately Preceding The Coal Measures. To This Class Belong The Fossiliferous Ores Of Bloomsburg And The Block Ores Of Danville, The Stratified Ores Of Broad Top And ...
The Wealth Of Nations
The Wealth Of Nations. Having Presented A Brief Résumé Of Our Tariff Acts And Their Results,—showing The Evils Of The One And The Benefits Of The Other, As Demonstrated In Protective And Free Trade Tariffs,—we Now Offer A Concise And Practical Illustration Of The Ways And Means To National Prosperity, ...
The Whin Sill
The Whin Sill. Another Singular Formation Or Feature Of The Great Northern Coal-field Is The "whim Sill," Marked G In The Section, Which Exists Between The Upper And Lower Carboniferous Limestones, And In The Vicinity Of The Lower Coal Measures. This Is A Trap, Or Basaltic Rock, Spread Over And ...
The Working Man
The Working-man. It Seems To Us The Working-man Of America, Be He Native Or Foreign, Should Have Tact Enough To Comprehend How Free Trade Must Necessarily Deprive Him Of All The Benefits To Be Derived From Free Labor, The Profits Of Labor, And The Superior Resources Of This Country. The ...
The Wyoming Valley
The Wyoming Valley. We Cannot Fairly Introduce This Interesting Coal-field To Our Readers Without Giving A Brief Resume Of The Eventful And Romantic History Of The Wyoming Valley. When The White Man First Visited This Paradise Of The Indian Hunter, The Delawares Held Sway Over The Region, Though Under Subjection ...
The Wyoming Valley
The Wyoming Valley. The First Authentic Account We Find Of The Practical Use Of Anthracite Coal Is In 1768-69, When It Appears To Have Been First Used By Two Blacksmiths From Connecticut, By The Name Of Gore, Who Had Settled In The Wyoming Valley. This Was The First Successful And ...
Theorems
Theorems. A Right-angled Triangle (the Only Kind Generally Necessary To Be Treated Of For Mining Purposes) Is That Which Has One Right Angle In It. The Longest Side, Or That Opposite To The Right Angle, Is Called The Hypothenuse; The Other Two Are Called The Legs Or Sides, Dr The ...
Theories Of Coal Formation
Theories Of Coal Formation. It Is A Fixed Law Of Nature That Matter Cannot Become Exhausted Or De Preciated In Weight, Though It May Change From One Substance To Another. Carbon, Being One Of The Simple Substances Of The Globe, Was Diffused Through All Matter Composing It, Existing In The ...
Thickness
Thickness. " Comparative Measurements Of The Thickness Of These Several Deposits Of The American Coal-fields, Indicate A Marked Reduction From The East Towards The West. Those Of The Nova Scotia Field, As Measured At The South Joggins, Bay Of Fundy, Show A Thickness Of Nearly 3000 Feet; Those Of The ...
Thickness Of The Alleghany
Thickness Of The Alleghany Coal Measures. There Are Several Interesting Geological Problems Connected With The Coal Measures Of This Great Field, Which If Satisfactorily Settled Would Go Far To Determine A Scientific Question Of Some Importance. As Before Stated, All Coal-fields Are Basin-shaped, And The Interior Is Always Deeper Than ...
Tiiickness And Area Of
Tiiickness And Area Of The Appalachian Coal Formations. In This Estimate Of The Appalachian Coal Areas, We Are Guided By Prof. Rogers, Who Has Furnished The Latest Available Information On The Subject. "the Eastern Half Of The Continent Contains Five Great Coal-fields, Dis Tributed At Intervals From Newfoundland To Arkansas. ...
Topographical Plans
Topographical Plans. In Order To Present To The Inexperienced Or Unprofessional A Comprehensive View Or Impression Of Subterraneous Workings, It Is Necessary To Present Four Views Of The Mine And Its Location. 1. A Topographical Plan. 2. A Horizontal Or Working Plan. 3. A Longitudinal Or Side View. 4. A ...
Topography Of The Field
Topography Of The Field. The Southern Coal-field Is Bounded And Set By The Same Frame Or Cha Racter Of Mountain-ranges As Those Which Distinguish The Other Anthracite Fields. The Range On The South Is Continuous From One End Of The Coal-field To The Other, And Is Known As The Sharp ...
Total Production
Total Production. The Total Production Of The Great Northern Coal-field, From The Com Mencement Of The Coal-trade To 1861, Is About 1,051,812,483 Tons ; And The Amount Still Calculated As Available In The Workable Or Larger Seams, 5,575,432,173 Tons. This Is Exclusive Of A Large Area Of The Coal-field Where ...
Transverse Plan
Transverse Plan. This View Of Mining Operations In Works On Pitching Seams Is As Important As The Longitudinal Plan, If Constructed For The Purpose Of Conveying General Information To Those Interested, As Well As A Guide To The Management. This Is An End View Of The Works, And, If Taken ...
Trap Dikes
Trap Dikes. Figure 103 Represents The General Form And Effects Of The English Trap Dike Faults, Which Consist Of Lava Ejected Or Forced From The Molten Bowels Of The Earth Through Its Confining Crust By The Forces Of Contraction. The Cooling And Contracting Process Which The Rocky Crust Of The ...
Umbral Red Shales
Umbral Red Shales. We Have Now Reached The Red Shales Of Our Coal-fields, So Well Known, And So Easily Distinguished By Their Peculiar Color And Thin, Soft, And Gene Rally Friable Nature. This Must Have Been A Pure Red Mud, As It Now Forms The Softest Of Rocks, And Could ...
Use Of Waste Coal
Use Of Waste Coal And Ores In The Use Of Waste Anthracite Coal'in Connection With The Dust Or Refuse Ores In Blast Furnaces Is An Invention Of The Writer, On Which A Patent Is Pending. The Waste Coal Is Passed Through A Screen, And The Clean Dirt, As Free From ...
Variety And Character Of
Variety And Character Of Coal. Coals Of The Carboniferous Era, Or " True Coals," As They Are Frequently Called, May Be Grouped Under Several Heads, Or Names :—cannel, Bitumi Nous, Semi-bituminous, And Anthracite. Cannel Is A Remarkable Variety, The Coarser Kinds Being Called " Parret" In Scotland, And Splint-coal In ...
Ventilation
Ventilation. In The Economy Of Mining, Particularly In Coal Where Explosive Gases Are Present, The Subject Of Ventilation Is No Secondary Consideration ; And The Practical Miner Or Engineer Is Not Competent To The Management Of Mines Unless He Is Conversant With The Scientific Questions Necessarily Involved In The Subject ...
Vergent Cadent
Cadent, Vergent, And Ponent. The Oriskany Sand-rock Appears To Represent A Place In The Ludlow Rocks Of England, And The Base Of The Devonian Period Of The English Geologist. It Forms A Break In The Palfeozoic Strata, And Forms A Change Of The Ancient Life : A New Creation Begins ...
Vertical Section Broad Mountain
Vertical Section Broad Mountain Basin. Figure 97 Represents A Section Through The Centre Of The Broad Moun Tain Or New Boston Basin. We Gave The Thickness Of The Strata In A Former Page ; The Total Depth Is 860 Feet; And This Depth We Assume As A Medium Basin, And ...
Vertical Section At Pottsville
Vertical Section At Pottsville Figure 76 Represents The Coal Measures In The Deepest Part Of The Anthracite Fields. The Section, However, Only Includes The Productive Strata, And Terminates With The Upper Vein N, Above Which 500 Feet Of Unproductive Measures May Exist. Measured In The Centre Of The Deep Basins, ...
Vespertine
Vespertine. This Formation Is The Lower Base Of The Coal Measures. It Is The Subcar Boniferous Of The English, And Contains The Proto-carboniferous Or False Coal Measures. Its Features Are Bold, Characteristic, And Prominent, And Present Much Uniformity Around The Anthracite Coal-basin, The Detached Portions Of The Alleghany Coal-field, And ...
Virginia And North Carolina
Virginia And North Carolina Coal-fields. The Description Of The Western And Eastern Coal-fields, We Propose Now To Notice Briefly The Southern Independent Coal-fields, Which Exist In The Primitive Rocks, Or On The Atlantic Slopes, And Are Formations Of A Later Date Than The A Lleghany Or Western Bituminous Coals, Which ...
Waste At The Anthracite
Waste At The Anthracite Mines. If We Take Fifteen Per Cent. As The Average Waste Of Our Mines In Dust Or Refuse Coal (and This Is A Low Estimate), We Find That We Sustain A Loss Of One And A Half Millions On A Business Of Ten Million Tons Per ...
Waterfalls And Steam Jets
Waterfalls And Steam-jets. These Modes Are Now Considered Obsolete, And Are Not Used, Except On Rare Occasions, When Steam Can Be Produced Abundantly And Cheaply, Or When Water Can Be Used With Out Repumping, And Drained Off By Some Adit Level. Waterfalls Were Much Used When Natural Ventilation Was The ...
West Virginia
West Virginia. Contains A Larger Portion Of The Alleghany Coal-field Than Any Of The States Enumerated Through Which It Extends. Over 16,000 Square Miles Of This Great Coal-field Lie In Western And Eastern Virginia: Of This Area, However, Only A Few Miles Exist In Old Virginia, On The Eastern Edge ...
Wilkesbarre District
Wilkesbarre District. The Accompanying Illustration, Fig. 35, Of The Wilkesbarre Basins Gives A Good General Impres Sion Of Their Form And Features ; But It Is By No Means Exact In Proportion Or Measurement. It Is An Ideal Section, Formed From Such Data As Were Accessible. We May Point Out ...
Wolf Creek Diamond Coal
Wolf Creek Diamond Coal Company. This Company Is Located On Several Of Our Most Successful Mines, Including The "diamond," Black Heath And Black Valley, Formerly Owned By Gideon Bast, Esq., And More Recently By Geo. H. Potts & Co. Both Of These Parties Realized Handsome Profits From Their Operations. The ...
With Fan Ventilation Run
"run," With Fan Ventilation. In The Plan Presented On Next Page, We Have Given That Which Is Known As The "run," But Do Not Confine Our Description Of The Plan To This Mode, Since It Is Susceptible Of Much Modification. The "run" Can Be Used To Advantage Only When The ...