ARTILLERY, all sorts of great guns, cannon, or ordnance mortars, howitzers, machine-guns, etc., together with all the apparatus and stores thereto belonging, manufacturer of note in New York, where he established himself in 1839. The perfection to which limbs have been brought is wonderful and very interest ing. A person with two artificial legs can walk so perfectly as to avoid detec tion, and a person with a single amputa tion can almost defy detection. Notable which are taken into the field or used for besieging and defending fortified places. It is often divided into (1) horse artillery; (2) field artillery; and (3) garrison artillery.
Field artillery is artillery designed to be taken with an army to the field of battle; a park of artillery is artillery with the carriages, horses, and stores of all kinds necessary for its effective use; siege artillery is artillery of heavy metal designed to be employed in breaching ling force is gas. This definition of artil lery excludes the mechanical devices by which, in the days of Archimedes and the Romans, missiles were projected to a considerable distance by mechanical means as the ballista. The discovery of fortifications; a train of artillery is a certain number of pieces of cannon mounted on carriages, with all their furniture fit for marching.
gunpowder in the 13th century made possible the engines of destruction that to-day are the chief reliance of armies. Several crude cannon were used at the battle of Crecy in 1346. They were also employed by the troops that Joan of Arc led to the siege of Orleans. Once the The name artillery is also given to the land troops by whom these arms are served, whether they accompany an army in the field, take part in sieges, or occupy fixed posts.
Technically speaking, artillery includes all projectile weapons whose propel idea was grasped and the possibilities of the new arm demonstrated, developments were rapid. Its use spread through all Europe in the 16th century, but it was not until the 17th that its value in war fare was measurably utilized by Gus tavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War. Napoleon used it with telling ef
fect in his campaigns, and laid especial stress upon the concentration of artillery fire. The most important modern im rivalry between France and Germany resulted in many other important im provements. Austria - Hungary, Italy, Russia, Japan, Switzerland, and the provements in artillery, besides the in crease in size, is the general adoption of rifled ordnance, breech-loaders, and ma chine-guns. Throughout the 19th cen tury the Great Powers increasingly United States each strove to perfect its own artillery and to meet its special requirements. In the World War the use of artillery was on a scale un paralleled up to that time. The Germans worked on the improvement of their re spective artilleries. Great Britain, as a result of its many colonial wars, con tinuously improved both its military and naval artillery. The Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871 and the resulting and Austrians with their great gun works at Essen and Skoda had a great preponderance over the Allies in heavy guns. The forts at Namur, Liege, Ant werp, and Pilaubeuge crumbled up like paper before the attack of the monster 42-centimeter guns. These were sup plemented by other heavy guns of 28-cm. and 35-cm. and constituted the heaviest siege artillery hitherto employed in war ful as that of Germany at the beginning of the war, but the disproportion stead ily decreased as the conflict went on. The French, however, had two admirable fare. The next class in size and power was their heavy army artillery with 13, 15, and 19 centimeter caliber, having a range of between 10 and 12 miles. Lighter than these were the corps ar tillery pieces, of which the 105 and 150 pieces in their 75-mm. and their 155-mm. guns. The former was the most useful piece employed by either side. It threw projectiles weighing between 12 and 16 pounds to a distance of 5% miles. It was mobile, light, and worked with re mm. howitzers were the types. These latter were the more mobile, and were able to follow or accompany the infantry to any desired position.