— The Roman Catholic Church is the oldest and largest reli gious body in Canada, and represents about 42 per cent. of the population. The Church of England has 28 dioceses, with 1,750 clergymen and over 2,000 churches. The Presbyterian Church has about 1,900 clergymen and about 335,000 communicants. The Methodists have about 380,000 communicants, the Bap tists about 140,000, and practically all the other Protestant denominations are represented. The Roman Catholic Church is represented by a cardinal, 11 archbishops, 30 bishops, about 5,000 priests, and 3,000 churches.
Railways.—In 1919 there were ap proximately 35,000 miles of railway in operation. During the year 433 miles of new first track were completed and put in operation. The Canadian Pacific has the longest mileage, with 13,000 miles. The mileage of other principal roads is as follows: Canadian North ern, 9,479; Grand Trunk in Canada, 3,578; Transcontinental, 2,002; Inter colonial, 1,592; Grand Trunk Pacific, 1,794. The government has put into effect a system of nationalization of railroads, and in 1919 it took over the Grand Trunk railroad. The Canadian Pacific was already nationalized.
Telegraphs and Telephones.—There are in the Dominion about 600,000 tele phones, with a wire mileage of 1,708,202. The telephone companies employ over 16,000 wage earners. There are about 65,000 miles of telegraph wire, of which about 50,000 is private and 12,000 government. There were in 1919 11 operating telegraph and cable com panies, and 4,615 offices, with a capital of $75,000,000. The gross earnings of the telegraph, wireless, and government telegraph service stations is about $10, 000,000 annually.
Postoffices.—There were in 1919 about 13,000 postoffices. There were 3,733 rural mail delivery routes. There were in 1918 4,931 money order offices, which issued 9,919,665 orders, valued at $142, 959,168.
Manufactures.—The census of manu factures of the year 1917 was com pleted in 1918. The census is taken every two years. The main results of this census were as follows: The num ber of manufacturing establishments, 34,380; capital invested, $2,772,517,680; number of wage earners, 619,473; wages paid, $457,245,456; cost of materials, $1,602,820,631; and the value of the products, $3,015,560,869. The capital invested in the leading industries was as follows: Electric light and power, $356,004,168; pulp and paper, $186,787, 405; log products, $149,266,019; cars and car works, $98,274,585; steel furnaces and rolling mills, $91,894,777; flour and grist mill products, $72,573,982; agri cultural implements, $70,493,801; foundry and machine-shop products, $69,915,032; car repair shops, $68,763,298; slaughter ing and meat products, $68,145,347.
Finance.—The total revenue for the year 1918-1919 was $312,946,740. The expenditures were as follows: Consoli dated fund, $232,731,282; capital ac count, $25,031,266; war account, $446, 519,439; capital expended for railways and canals, $19,325,918; and for public works, $5,705,347. The net debt on Dec.
31, 1919, was $1,838,000,000. The net debt prior to the war was $335,996,860. The debt per capita before the war was $42, and at the close, $250.
Government.—The government which originally constituted the Dominion of Canada was composed of Provinces of Canada, Upper and Lower, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. They were united in 1867 by the passage of the British North American Act. The act provides for a constitution "similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom," that the executive authority shall be vested in the sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, and carried on in his name by a Governor-General and Privy Council; that the legislative power shall be exer cised by a Parliament composed of a Senate and a House of Commons. The powers of Parliament include all sub jects not assigned exclusively to the Provincial legislature. Provision was made in the act for the admission of British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories, and New foundland into the Dominion. The last named has not joined itself to the Do minion. The Northwest Territory was acquired by the Dominion by purchase from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869. The Province of Manitoba, made from a portion of this Territory, was admitted in 1870. British Columbia be came a part of the Dominion in 1871, and in the same year Prince Edward Island was admitted. The Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were ad mitted to the Union as Provinces on Sept. 1, 1905.
The members of the Senate are nom inated for life. It is composed of 96 members. As the result of an amend ment made in 1917, which increased the representation from the Provinces, the total number may not exceed 104. The House of Commons is elected by the people for five years, unless sooner dis solved, at the rate of one representative for every 30,819 persons. The Province of Quebec always has 65 members, and the other Provinces proportionately ac cording to their population at each de cennial census. The House of Commons consists of 234 members. The Gover nor-General forms a connecting link between the Crown and the Dominion, and is assisted in his functions by a council composed of 18 heads of depart ments, including the Premier, the Presi dent of the Privy Council, Secretary of State, Minister of Mines, Minister of Trade and Commerce, Minister of Jus tice, and Attorney General, Minister of Marine, Fisheries, and Naval Service, Minister of Militia and Defense, Post master-General, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Public Works, Minister of Finance, Minister of Railroads and Canals, Minister of the Interior, Minis ter of Customs and Internal Revenue, Minister of Immigration and Coloniza tion, and the Minister of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment.