Canada.—The relation of the prov inces of Canada to the Dominion Parlia ment is very nearly analogous to that of the States of the American Union to the Federal Government. Each province has its own educational laws and its own de partment of public instruction. The schools of Nova Scotia, British Colum bia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and On tario are free; but in Quebec there is a school-tax levied on parents for all chil dren of school age.
France.—In France there is a very completely organized system of instruc tion, superieure, secondaire, et primaire, under the supervision of the Minister of Public Instruction, the schools being all visited and examined by state officers. The professors in the universities are remunerated by the state. The lycees, or secondary schools, also receive large subventions from the state, those of Paris and Versailles being considered rather higher in rank, and having a bet ter paid staff of professors and teachers than those of the provinces. Colleges are establishments for intermediate edu cation, maintained at the charge of the local municipalities, but without any aid from the central government, except the occasional endowment of special chairs and the partial support of a few profes sors. Primary instruction is everywhere
throughout France gratuitous.
Germany.—The German elementary schools are divided into (1) those with three or more classes; (2) schools with two teachers; and (3) schools with one teacher, either with one class or half-day schools. Eighty is recognized as the maximum number of scholars under one teacher, even under the most unfavor able conditions. The compulsory laws as to ordinary school attendance are en forced from the age of 6 to that of 14, but generally if a child at 14 fail to reach the proper standard, he may be compelled to attend either another year at the day-school, or at a supplementary school in the evening or on Sunday. Fines for non-attendance are imposed, and the agency of the police is called into requisition to force the child of a negli gent parent to attend school.
For the development of educational systems in other countries, see their re spective titles and in the United States see under the various States.