The Venetian glass enjoyed for a long time the monopoly of commerce, and within recent years there has been a marked revival of the skill and enter prise of Venetian craftsmen. In Ger many the oldest glass dates from the 16th century, and consists of goblets and tankards of white color, enameled with colored coats of arms and other devices, millefiori, and schmeltz glass. Engraved glass was first introduced by Casper Leh mann, at Prague, in 1609, under imperial protection, and continued by his pupil Schwanhard; and ruby glass by Kunckel in 1679. Glass is said to have been made in 1294 at Quinquengrone, in Normandy, and a common kind was made later in Dauphine and Provence. In 1665 20 Venetian glass workers were brought by Colbert to Paris, where they set up the blowing of glass and the silvering of mirrors, the famous mirror hall in Versailles having been furnished by them. In 1688 an exclusive privilege of making large plates of glass by casting was conferred on Abraham Thevart. The name Thevart was assumed by a syndi cate of capitalists formed to develop and work the invention of Louis Lucas de Nehon, who was the real inventor of plate glass and the founder of the Gohain works, one of the most extensive plate glass works in the world. In France
oxide of lead flint glass was made at St. Cloud in 1784; another manufactory was subsequently established at St. Louis in 1790; and the St. Cloud establishment was removed to the vicinity of Mont Cenis, where it flourished till 1827.
It is uncertain whether glass was made in England before the 16th century, as that mentioned may have been im ported from Flanders or Venice. In 644 Benedict Biscop introduced makers of glass windows into Northumbria; but window glass was not in general use for windows till the 15th century. Attempts were made to establish glass works at Jamestown, Va., in 1608-1622; at Salem, Mass., in 1639-1640; in New York City before 1664; and in Pennsylvania before 1683. Subsequently works were estab lished in 1780 at Temple, N. H.; in 1792 at Boston; and in 1797 at Pittsburgh. Plate glass was first made there in 1853, and it is also made at Baltimore and New York. Pressed glass was invented in the United States.