Banking.—There were in 1919 95 Na tional banks, with an outstanding circula tion of $10,632,753 and a capital of $16, 400,000 and United States bonds in de posit, $9,677,000. There were 112 State banks with a capital of $5,150,000, de posits of $75,876,000 and a surplus of $3,632,000. There were 26 trust com panies with a capital of $10,570,000 and deposits of $113,846,000. The exchanges in the clearing house in Baltimore for the year ending September 30, 1919, amounted to $4,196,983,000.
Transportation.—The total railway mileage in the State is about 1,400 miles of single track. The Baltimore and Ohio has 336 miles, the Philadelphia, Bal timore and Washington, 329 miles, the Western Maryland, 272 miles, and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic, 88 miles.
Education.—The school population of the State is about 420,000 and the en rollment in the county schools is about 150,000. There are about 2,400 schools in the counties and about 125 in Balti more. The average daily attendance In the county schools is about 150,000. About 6,000 teachers are employed. The total expenditures for educational pur poses exceeds $5,000,000 annually. The total value of the school property is more than $10,000,000. There are many pri vate schools in the State and several im portant colleges and universities, includ ing Johns Hopkins University, University of Maryland, Western Maryland Col lege, Goucher College for Women, and the Women's College.
Churches.—The strongest denomina tions in the State are Roman Catholic; Methodist Episcopal; Protestant Episco pal; Lutheran, General Synod; African Methodist; Methodist Protestant; Re formed; Methodist Episcopal, South; Presbyterian, North; and Regular Bap tist, South.
Finances.—The total receipts for State expenses for the fiscal year 1919 amount ed to $13,128,211, and the disbursements to $12,537,881. There was a balance on hand at the end of the year amounting to $3,018,617.
Charities and Corrections.—All the public charitable institutions of the State are under the supervision of the Board of State Aid and Charities. Among the most important of these institutions are the following: Home and Infirmary of Western Maryland, the Hospital for Con sumptives, Industrial Training School for Girls, Industrial Home for Colored Girls, the Spring Grove State Hospital, the Springfield Hospital for the Insane, the Tuberculosis Sanitorium, and the Eastern Shore State Hospital.
State Government.—The governor is elected for a term of four years, and re ceives a salary of $4,500 per annum. Leg islative sessions are held biennially in even years beginning on the first Wed nesday in January, and are limited in length to 90 days. The Legislature has 27 members in the Senate, and 102 in the House, each of whom receives $5.00 per day. There are 6 representatives in Con gress. The State government in 1920 was Democratic.
History--The earliest settlement in Maryland occurred in 1631, in which year a party of English, from Virginia, under Capt. William Clayborne, established themselves on Kent Island, in Chesa peake Bay. The main colonization of this region, however, was made in 1634, by a body of English Roman Catholic cava liers, under a charter granted to the 2d LORD BALTIMORE (q. v.) by Charles I., bearing date June 20, 1632. The expedi tion sailed from England in November, 1633. and landed on St. Clement's Island in March, 1634, founding the settlement of St. Mary's on the mainland, two days after their arrival. Leonard Calvert was elected first governor. and a House of As sembly established in 1639, which, 11 years later, was divided into two houses —the one consisting of members chosen by the Proprietary, and the other by the Freemen. In 1642, difficulties supervened from the introduction of the Puritan ele ment into the province in the shape of a body of non-conformists, who had been exiled from Virginia. The latter, true to
their natural instincts of bigotry and in tolerance, soon manifested a spirit of in subordination toward the executive of their newly-adopted country; and made themselves masters of the province in 1644. Two years later, however, Gov ernor Calvert, returning at the head of a considerable military force, succeeded in re-establishing his authority. On the overthrow of the royal authority in Eng land, and the substitution of the Com monwealth and Puritan rule, the party sans of the latter, who had by this time obtained a considerable footing in the province of Maryland, demanded an in stant recognition of the new form of gov ernment. The Proprietary and executive, however, proclaimed Charles IL, but were compelled. in 1652, to abdicate their functions, which were usurped by com missioners dispatched from the puritan ical home government. In 1654 Lord Bal timore made a resolute attempt to re store his authority, and a civil war ensued, in which the Puritans were even tually victorious, in 1655. At length, after the restoration of Charles IL, the Pro prietary was reinstated. In 1729 Balti more was founded, and in 1745 the Mary land "Gazette," the first journal printed in the province, was published at An napolis, maintaining its existence for 94 years afterward. Frederick City was laid out in 1751, and the colony pro gressed rapidly in wealth and population. In 1774 the Stamp Act, and the act levy ing a duty on tea, met with resolute and active opposition from the Marylanders, who, assembled in convention, abolished the Proprietary government, and substi tuted therefor a Committee of Public Safety. In 1776 a convention of the peo ple adopted a bill of rights, and a con stitution; in the following year, the first elected Legislature was convened at An napolis. and in March, Thomas Johnson took office as the first republican gover nor. During the Revolution the Maryland ers bore a highly distinguished part, par ticipating in nearly every battle of the war. During the campaign of 1812, Maryland suffered severely from the naval operations of the British; Havre de Grace, Fredericktown, and other places being plundered and burned. The militia of the State as vainly opposed the march of the English army to Washington in 1814. In the same year occurred the battles of Bladensburg and North Point; in the former of which the enemy was successful. while in the latter the British General Ross was killed, and the Ameri cans gained a slight advantage. An at tack (Sept. 14-16) on Baltimore by the enemy's fleet was successfully repelled. At the outbreak of the civil War, in 1861, the Marylanders were divided in sentiment, many of the people being in sympathy with the Confederates, though the State remained loyal to the Federal cause. During a series of Confederate in vasions from Virginia during the protrac tion of the war, the State became the theater of important military operations and sanguinary engagements. Maryland is one of the few States of the Union that rejected the ratification of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. In 1867, a new constitu tion was adopted, making several impor tant changes in the organic law of the State. In the year 1880, Baltimore cele brated its 150th anniversary with a week of festivities, and in 1884 the 250th anni versary of the landing of the colonists was celebrated. In 1891, a monument was erected to Leonard Calvert, the first governor, on the site of the old city of St. Mary's, the first capital of the State, of which scarcely a trace remains.