Banking.—On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 159 National banks in opera tion, with $54,292,000 in capital, $21,306, 950 in outstanding circulation, and $20, 747,200 in United States bonds. There were also 196 mutual savings banks, with $1,089,550,000 in deposits, and 104 trust and loan companies with $37,406,000 capi tal and $31,661,000 surplus.
Education.—The total enrollment for the public schools of the State in 1918 was 607,805. The average daily attend ance was 506,478. The teachers, super visors, and principals numbered 19,609. The State has always been notable for its progress in educational matters. At tention has been given in recent years to vocational education. There are many excellent private schools. The col leges include Harvard University, Am herst College, Williams College, Holy Cross College and Boston University. For women there are Mount Holyoke Col lege, Smith College, and Wellesley Col lege.
Charities and Corrections.—The State takes abundant care of its dependents. The charitable and correctional institu tions in the State include the State In firmary at Tewksbury, the State Farm at Bridgewater, the Norfolk State Hospital, the Lyman School for Boys at Westboro, the Industrial School for Boys at Shir ley, the State Industrial School for Girls at Lancaster, and several sanitaria. The prisons include the State Prison in Bos ton, the Massachusetts Reformatory at Concord, the Reformatory for Women at Sherburn.
Churches.—The strongest denomina tions in the State are the Roman Cath olic; Congregational, Regular Baptist; Methodist Episcopal i Unitarian; Protes tant Episcopal; Spiritualist, and Univer salist.
Finances.—The total receipts for the fiscal year 1917 amounted to $55,402,628. Expenditures amounted to $56,062,128. At the close of the year there was a cash balance of $11,526,346. The funded debt of the State amounted to $126,555,662.
Railroads.—The total mileage in the State for 1919 was 4,936 miles, of which about 2,141 miles was main track. The roads having the longest mileage were the Boston & Albany and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads.
State Government.—The governor is elected for a term of one year. Legis lative sessions are held annually begin ning on the first Wednesday in Janu ary, and are not limited as to length of time. The legislature has 40 members in the Senate and 240 in the House. There
are 16 representatives in Congress. The State government in 1920 was Repub lican.
History.—The history of Massachusetts begins with the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620, though it is prob able that portions of the coast were tem porarily settled by Norwegians as early as A. D. 1000. In 1628 another colony was established at Salem, and both were united under one government with Maine in 1692. In 1675, an Indian chief, named Philip of Pokaneket, or King Philip, be gan a war which had for its object the entire extermination of the English. This war lasted three years, and ended by the death of King Philip himself. From this time till the Revolutionary War Massachusetts enjoyed a period of comparative peace and prosperity. When the oppressive measures of the English Parliament finally brought about the rupture with the colonies, none took a more active or more prominent part than Massachusetts in the National cause. The passage of the. Stamp Act aroused the wildest excitement; and its repeal the following year was received with demon strations of joy. The arrival of the "Romney" man-of-war renewed the ex citement, and Massachusetts issued a circular letter to the colonies, which the British ministry in vain commanded the authorities to rescind. Then followed the Boston massacre in 1770, the destruction of the tea in 1773, and the Port Bill in 1774. The Revolutionary War had its outbreak in Massachusetts, the bloodshed at Lexington and the contest of Concord being the instigative incidents that led to the war. Its earliest event was the siege of Boston, made notable by the battle of Bunker Hill, the acceptance of the com mand by Washington at Cambridge, and the evacuation by the British. In 1780 a constitution was framed for the State, and adopted by popular vote. In 1786 the tranquillity of the State was again disturbed by a party of rioters, who, un der the leadership of Daniel Shays, at tempted to resist the authorities, but the revolt was suppressed. On the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861 Massachu setts was among the first to offer assist ance to the National cause; and, till the final success of the Federal army, con tinued to perform a patriotic and liberal part.