Soil and Productions.—About one-half the area of the State is adapted to cul tivation. The principal forest trees are the maple, oak, pine, elm, hickory, beech, birch, ash, hemlock, spruce, cedar, poplar, willow, whitewood, chestnut, basswood, butternut, sycamore, locust, ailantus, black walnut, yew, and sumach.
Agriculture is carried on to a large ex-' tent, New York being one of the leading agricultural States in the Union. The chief agricultural crops in 1919 were as follows: corn, 35,260,000 bushels, valued at $58,532,000; oats, 29,580,000 bushels, valued at $24,551,000; wheat, 11,178,000 bushels, valued at $24,32,000; hay, 6,539,000 tons, valued at $134,870,000; beans, 1,450,000 bushels, valued at $7, 105,000; potatoes, 39,567,000 bushels, valued at $57,372,000. Much attention is paid to dairy and market farming, and the State ranks first in the production of buttre and milk.
Mineral Production.—New York ranks among the first of the States in the pro duction of iron ore. In 1918 there were shipped from the iron mines of the State 889,970 long tons of iron ore, valued at $5,802,807. The value of the clay prod ucts amounts to over $12,000,000 an nually. Salt is an important mineral product. Over 2,000,000 tons are pro duced annually with a value of about $6,000,000. The value of the cement products is about $7,000,000 annually. Other important mineral products are aluminum, ferro alloys, petroleum, sand and gravel. The total value of the mineral production of the State in 1917 was $52,123,552.
Manufactures.—The river systems with their extensive water power, the proximity of the Pennsylvania coal fields, and the facilities for transportation make New York one of the most prom inent manufacturing States. The fol lowing figures relate to the census of 1914. Number of establishments, 48,203; wage earners, 1,057,857; capital in vested, $3,334,278,000; amount paid for materials, $2,108,607,000; value of prod ucts, $3,814,661,000. Niagara Falls gives enormous power which is turned into electricity and used in the manufacture of aluminum, caborundum, and ma chinery. Schenectady is famous for its locomotives and electrical apparatus, Balston Spa for its paper mills, Elmira for its car shops, Oswego for flour mills, Kingston for hydraulic cement, Haver straw for bricks, Rochester for optical goods, Syracuse for salt, and Brooklyn, New York City, Buffalo, Utica, Albany, Troy, Binghamton, Yonkers, and Long Island City for general manufactures.
The principal articles of manufacture include cotton, woolen, and silk goods, boots and shoes, clothing, tobacco, liquors, foundry and machine shop prod ucts, paper, flour and grist, locomotives, electrical goods, machinery, furniture, household and agricultural implements, toys and novelties, leather goods, and gla ss.
Bank'ing.—On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 485 National banks in operation, with an aggregate capital stock of $179,125,000; outstanding cir culation, $71,646,134; and United States bonds and deposits, $76,302,400. There were also 210 State banks, with $39,603, 000 in capital, $61,911,000 in surplus; and $1,270,298 in resources; 89 private banks, with $1,521,000 in capital, $2,868 000 in surplus, and $23,358,000 in re sources; 141 mutual and stock savings banks, with $2,179,034,000 in savings de posits, $181,127,000 in surplus, and $2,367,040,000 in resources; and 101 loan and trust companies, with $136,043,000 in capital, $206,490,000 in surplus, and $3,654,027,000 in resources. The ex changes at the various clearing houses in the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, were as follows: New York, $214,703,444,000; Buffalo, $1,429,378,000; Rochester, $454, 421,000; and Albany, $252,248,000.
Education.—The total school popula tion of the State in 1918 and 1919 was 2,386,836. There were registered in the public schools 1,672,311 pupils. The average attendance was 1,310,826. The total expenditures for public schools dur ing that year amounted to $92,334,179, and the receipts to $133,833,419. The principal colleges include Columbia Uni versity, New York University, Manhat tan College, College of the City of New York, and St. Francis Xavier College in New York City; Hobart College at Geneva; University of Buffalo at Buf falo; Cornell University at Ithaca; Union College at Schenectady; Syracuse University at Syracuse; University of Rochester at Rochester; Hamilton Col lege at Clinton; and Rensselaer Poly technic Institute at Troy. The women's colleges include Vassar College at Poughkeepsie; Barnard College at New York City; Wells College at Aurora; Elmira College at Elmira ; and Teach ers' College at New York City.