Mental science, or psychology, in its further application has two special re lationships, pathological and educational. On the pathological side, it represents a most important part of medical education wherein it has taken on the name of psychiatry. Courses in psychiatry are now being rapidly established in Ameri can medical schools. This department is, if possible, connected with a hospital for the treatment of mental diseases. A ;Teat therapeutical development in this field is to be expected in the next years and decades. On the educational side, mental science is closely related to the whole pedagogical process. The under standing of the mind that is to be in formed and disciplined is of primary consequence. Psychology represents the method for securing such understanding. At this point, the temptation is to accept superficiality in method and ineffective ness in result.
Mental science, as interpreted and ap plied in America, is in debt to the teachers and scholars of the German uni versity, and especially to the great Wundt. The present disregard of Ger man educational power of the past should not blind Americans to the great work which Wundt, and his associates, did in this field. In America, of many names,
that of William James is perhaps chief. James (1842 to 1910), of diverse educa tion—at Geneva, Switzerland, Lawrence Scientific School and the Medical School of Harvard University, Berlin, and a student of Louis Agassiz, he brought to his writing, teaching and research, a great mind educated in many fields and through great masters. His writings rep resent the best intellectual gifts brought to a high degree of development. His books have been translated into Russian and Japanese, as well as into Spanish, Italian, German, and French. He was a humanist, as well as psychologist and philosopher. Undoubtedly he ranks with Jonathan Edwards as the most influen tial mind, in philosophical thought, which America has produced.
In addition to James should be named Edward B. Titchener of Cornell Uni versity, George Trumbull Ladd of Yale University, James R. Angel of Chicago University, and G. Stanley Hall of Clark University. For a time Professor H. Miinsterberg of Harvard occupied a commanding place.
MENTANA (45!n5.), a small village, 12 miles N. E. of Rome, where Nov. 3, 1867, the Garibaldians were defeated by the Papal and French troops.