Manufactures.—Pennsylvania ranks second in the United States in the value of her manufactures. Besides the lead ing industries of coal mining, coke, iron and steel manufacture, and the produc tion of petroleum, the State has exten sive manufactures of plate and bottle glass, paper bags, rag carpets, woolen goods, glue, railroad cars, drugs and chemicals, gunpowder, leather, and lum ber. Pittsburgh, Homestead, Johnstown, and Bethlehem are noted for their exten sive iron works, Pittsburgh, for glass; Pittston, Hazleton, Wilkesbarre, Shenan doah, Ashland, Pottstown, and Scranton, for their anthracite coal; Monongahela City, Irwin, Mercer, Towanda, Connells ville, Johnstown, Idlewood and Philips burg for their bituminous coal; Philadel phia for general manufactures, locomo tives and ship building; Connellsville, for coke; Altoona and Reading for railroad cars and repair shops; and Scranton for its collieries and steel works. Other im portant manufacturing centers are Erie, Lancaster, Easton, Allentown, Chester, York, Oil City, Norristown, Carbondale, Pottsville, Harrisburg, Corry, Phoenix ville, Bristol, and Titusville. In 1914 there were 27,521 manufacturing estab lishments, employing 924,478 wage earn ers. The capital invested was $8,149, 411,000, and the value of the finished product $1,688,921,000.
Banking.—On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 838 National banks in opera tion, having $120,569,000 in capital, $85, 072,000 in outstanding circulation, and $444,621,000 in United States bonds. There were also 224 State banks, with $19,076,000 capital, and $328,536,000 re sources; 315 loan and trust companies, with $108,987,000 capital, and $152,804, 000 surplus. The exchange at the United States Clearing Houses at Phila delphia, for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, aggregated $21,320,246,000.
Education.—School attendance is com pulsory for children from 8 to 14 years. of age. In 1919 there were 42,749 public elementary schools, with 44,992 teachers and 1,741,143 pupils. There were 911 public high schools, with 5,155 teachers and 124,015 pupils. There were 13 State normal schools, with 4,331 pupils and 282 teachers. The total expenditure for education in 1919 was about $70, 000,000. The principal colleges include the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia; Lehigh University, at South Bethlehem; Lafayette College, Easton; Bucknell University at Lewis burg; Haverford College, at Haverford; Swarthmore College, at Swarthmore; Pennsylvania State College, at State College; Dickinson College, at Carlisle; Franklin and Marshall College, at Lan caster; Washington and Jefferson Col lege, at Washington; and the Carlisle In dian Training School, at Carlisle. The women's colleges include Wilson College, at Chambersburg; Pennsylvania College for Women, at Pittsburgh; Irving Female College, at Mechanicsburg; and the Moravian College and Seminary for Women, at Bethlehem.
Churches.—The strongest denomina tions in the State are the Roman Cath olic; Methodist Episcopal; Presbyterian; Lutheran, General Council ; Reformed; Regular Baptist; Lutheran, General Synod; Protestant Episcopal; Evangeli cal Association; United Presbyterian; United Brethren in Christ; and Dunk ards, Conservative.
Railways.—The total railway mileage in 1919 was 13,139. The roads having the longest mileage are the Pennsylvania, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, and the Erie.
Finances.—The total receipts for the year ending Nov. 1, 1919, amounted to $41,656,169, and the expenditures to $46,382,701. There was a balance on Nov. 1, 1918, of $9,513,436, and on Nov. 1, 1919, of $4,786,904. The assessed value of real property in 1917 was $6, 141,384,210.
State Governinent.—The governor is elected for a term of four years. Legis lative sessions are held biennially in odd years, beginning on the first Tuesday in January, and are unlimited in length. The Legislature has 50 members in the Senate and 207 members in the House. There are 36 Representatives in Con gress.
History.—The country about Dela ware Bay was first settled by the Swedes, but they made comparatively little prog ress in the occupation of the country, and passed under the English jurisdic tion generally established in 1664. In 1681 the territory W. of the Delaware was granted by royal charter to William Penn who colonized it; and, by the in dustry and high character of the Society of Friends, by cultivating peace with the Indians, and encouraging emigration, founded a flourishing State, which, long before the Revolution, became the seat of learning, wealth, and refinement. Un der the charter granted to William Penn, the region forming the present State of Delaware was included, and the two col onies continued to be so joined till the Revolution of 1776. During the War of the Revolution, Philadelphia was the chief city and capital of the Federation, and Brandywine, Germantown, Valley Forge, and other points, were the scenes of memorable events, which belong to the National history. Independence was first proclaimed here, and the whole col ony took a decided part in the final es tablishment of American liberty. In the Civil War, too, they were not less dis tinguished, the commonwealth sending to the National army 270 regiments and several unattached companies of vol unteers, numbering in all 387,284 men. Pennsylvania was also the scene of one of the most important and most sangui nary battles of the Civil War, that of Gettysburg, the field of which has been converted into a National park, and abundantly adorned with statues and monuments. Next to the Friends, the most important immigrations were those of the Germans, who have peopled almosi entirely several counties adjoining Phila delphia, and still speak the patois known as "Pennsylvania Dutch," and the Scotch-Irish, who settled in the Cumber land county region, and in many of the counties W. of the Allegheny range, and who have played a most important part in the history of the development of the State.