Manufactures.—In its manufacturing products Philadelphia ranks next to New York and Chicago. There are upward of 8,000 manufacturing establishments, with more than 250,000 employes. The combined output amounts to more than $750,000,000. The chief products are locomotives, sugar and molasses, men's clothing, foundry and machine shop prod ucts, carpets and rugs, hosiery and knit goods, woolen and cotton goods, morocco, chemicals, packed meat, refined petro leum, and silk and silk goods. The great Cramp shipbuilding yards are on the Delaware, just W. of the heart of the city.
Commerce.—In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, the imports of merchan dise aggregated in value $219,167,601, and the exports $449,691,705.
Banks.--On Sept. 12, 1919, there were 29 National banks in operation, having a combined capital of $22,955,000; surplus, $47,425,000; loans and discounts, $481, 256,000; and deposits of about $400,000, 000. The exchange at the United States clearing house, in the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, aggregated $21,320,246,000, an increase over the previous year of $2, 392,202,000.
Education.—At the close of the school year 1918-1919 the enrollment in the public day schools was 221,069. There were 5,884 teachers. The annual cost of maintaining the public schools was $8, 510,501. The institutions for higher edu cation include: the University of Penn sylvania; the Jefferson Medical College; Woman's Medical College; the Hahne mann Medical College; the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates; and the Medico-Chirurgical College. There are several colleges of dentistry, one of pharmacy and one of veterinary surgery. There are also Girard College, which was founded in 1831 by Stephen Girard for white orphan boys, Temple University, and the Drexel Institute.
Churches and Institutions.—There are more than 700 churches in Philadelphia, representing all the larger denominations and hundreds of charitable institutions.
The most important hospitals are the University, the Insane, the Pennsylvania, the Orthopaedic, Municipal, Woman's, Children's, Wills', Jewish, Episcopal, German, Presbyterian, Homeopathic, St. Mary's, and St. Joseph's. There are also many orphanages, homes for the aged, and other institutions of similar char acter.
Finances.—At the end of 1920 the total net funded debt of the city was $137,676, 339. The assessed property valuation for 1920 was $1,805,494,000; tax rate, $28.50 per $1,000.
History.—In September, 1681, a small party of settlers, sent out by William Penn, arrived at the site of the present city, and in the following summer the place was laid out and named Philadel phia, the "city of brotherly love." Penn himself reached New Castle on the Dela ware, with a large number of Quakers, on Oct. 27, 1682. He was well received by a small party of Swedes who lived in a part of the present city. Shortly af ter his arrival he made the first treaty with the Indians at Shackamaxon. In 1683-1684, and for some time afterward the immigration from England and Wales, Germany and Holland was con siderable. Philadelphia was incorpo ated in 1691, but its charter was not received till 1701. The city was active in resisting British aggression in 1763 1764. On Sept. 5, 1774, the 1st Conti nental Congress met here, and on May 10, 1775, the 2d. Col. George Washington was appointed General and Commander in-Chief of the American army in the State House on June 15, 1775. Here also the Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, and proclaimed July 8, 1776. The city was occupied by the British from September, 1777, to June, 1778. A battle was fought at German town on Oct. 4, 1777. In the summer of 1787 delegates from the various States met in the State House, and framed the Constitution.