Palaces, Picture Galleries, etc.—The Vatican, adjoining St. Peter's, comprises the old and new palaces of the Popes (the latter now the ordinary papal res idence), the Sistine chapel, the Loggie and Stanze, containing some of the most important works of Raphael, the picture gallery, the museums (Pio-Clementino, Chiaramonti, Etruscan and Egyptian), and the library (220,000 volumes and over 25,000 MSS.). The palace of the Quirinal was formerly a favorite sum mer residence of the Popes, but is now occupied by the King of Italy. The Palazzo della Cancelleria is the only pal ace on the left bank of the river still occupied by the ecclesiastical authorities. The building was designed by Bramante, and is one of the finest in Rome. A series of palaces crowns the summit of the Capitol, and surrounds the Piazza del Campidoglio. It is approached frqm the N. W. by a flight of steps, at the foot of which two Egyptian lions, and at the summit two colossal statues of Castor and Pollux standing beside their horses, are conspicuous. In the center of the piazza is a bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (161-181). On the S. E. side of the piazza is the Senatorial Palace, in which the senate holds its meetings. The building also contains the offices of the municipal ad ministration and an observatory. Its fa cade was constructed by Giacomo della Porta, under the direction, it is said, of Michelangelo. On the S. W. side of the piazza is the palace of the Conser vators, containing a collection of antique sculpture, including objects of art dis covered during the recent excavations, and a gallery of pictures. Opposite is the museum of the Capitol, with inter esting objects of ancient sculpture and a picture gallery.
Among private palaces may be noted the Palazzo Barberini, on the Quirinal, with a collection of paintings. The li brary attached to it has numerous val uable MSS., with some other literary curiosities. The Palazzo Borghese, be gun in 1590, has a fine court surrounded by lofty arcades, but is chiefly cele brated for its picture gallery, containing the Aldobrandi Marriage and some other works of great renown. The Palazzo Colonna has a picture gallery and a beautiful garden containing several re mains of antiquity. The Palazzo Cor sini has a picture gallery, garden, and collection of MSS. and printed books of great value. The Palazzo Farnese, one of the finest in Rome, was built under the direction of Antonio da Sangallo, Michelangelo, and Giacomo della Por ta in succession. The celebrated antiqui ties it once contained (Farnese Bull, Hercules, Flora, etc.), are now in the Museum of Naples. The Palazzo Ros pigliosi, erected in 1603, contains some valuable art treasures; among others, on the ceiling of a casino in the garden is the celebrated fresco of Aurora by Guido. Villa Ludovisi, situated in the N. of the city, the ancient gardens of Sallust, contains a valuable collection of ancient sculptures. Villa Farnesina, on the right bank, containing Raphael's charming creations illustrative of the myth of Cupid and Psyche.
Educational Institutions, Charities, etc. —Among educational institutions the first place is claimed by the university, founded in 1303. The most flourishing period of the university was the time of Leo X. (1513-1522), under whom the building still occupied by it was be gun. Attached to the university are an anatomical and a chemical theater, and cabinets of physics, mineralogy, and zoology, as also botanic gardens, and an astronomical observatory. The univer
sity is attended by about 2,700 students. The Collegio Romano, formerly a Jesuit college, now contains the Archeological Museum and the recently established li brary, Biblioteea Vittorio Emanuele- consisting mostly of the old library of the Jesuits, augmented by the libraries of suppressed monasteries (about 500, 000 volumes). The Collegio de Propa ganda Fide has acquired great celebrity as the establishment where Roman Cath olic missionaries are trained. The Acca demia di San Luca, for the promotion of the fine arts, is composed of painters, sculptors, and architects, and was found ed in 1577 and reorganized in 1874. Connected with it are a picture gallery and schools of the fine arts. Other as sociations and institutions connected with art, science, or learning are numerous; one of them, the Accademia de' Lincei, founded in 1603 by Galileo and his con temporaries, is the earliest scientific so ciety of Italy. Besides the Vatican and Vittorio Emanuele libraries mentioned above, the chief are the Biblioteca Ca sanatense; the Biblioteca Angelica, and the Biblioteca Berberini. For elemen tary education much has been done since the papal rule came to an end. Hospi tals and other charitable foundations are numerous. The chief theaters in clude the Teatro Apollo, Teatro Ar gentina, Teatro Valle, the Capranica, Metastasio, Rossini, and the Costanzi.
Trade and Manuf actures—The exter nal trade is unimportant, and is carried on chiefly by rail, the Tiber being navi gated only by small craft. There are railway lines connecting with the gen eral system of Italy; and steamers from Civita Vecchia to Naples, Leghorn, and Genoa. The chief manufactures are woolen and silk goods, artificial flowers, earthenware, jewelry, musical strings, mosaics, casts, and objects of art. The trade is chiefly in these articles, and in olive oil, pictures, and antiquities.
History.—The ancient history of Rome has already been given. From the down fall of the empire its history is mainly identified with that of the papacy. An important event in its history is its cap ture and sack by the troops of the Con stable of Bourbon in 1527. In 1798 Rome was occupied by the French, who stripped the palaces, churches, and con vents of many works of art and objects of value. Pope Pius VI. was taken prisoner to France, where he soon after ward died, and a Roman republic was set up. In 1848 Pope Pius IX. was driven from Rome, and another Roman republic formed under Mazzini and Ga ribaldi. A French army was sent to the Pope's assistance, and after a determined resistance Rome was captured by the French in July, 1849, and the Pope re turned and resumed his power under the protection of French bayonets (April, 1850). The rule of the Pope continued till October, 1870, when Rome was occu pied by the Italian troops on the down fall of the French empire, and in June, 1871. the "Eternal City" became the capital of united Italy. The king took up his residence in the Quirinal; and to accommodate the legislature and various public departments numerous conventual establishments were expropriated. The population of the city has of late vastly increased. In 1870 it was 226,022; in 1881, 276,463; in 1901, 424,860; and in 1920, about 534,000.