SCHAMYL (i. e., Samuel), chief of the Lesghians and leader of the independ ent tribes in the Caucasus in their 30 years' struggle against Russia; born in Aul-Himry, northern Daghestan in 1797. He became a priest or mollah, and labored with zeal and religious fervor to compose the numerous feuds of the Caucasian tribes and unite them in antagonism to their common enemy, the infidel Russians. He was one of the foremost in the defense of Himry against the Russians in 1831. In the end of 1834 he was elected "imam," or head of the Lesghians, and soon made himself absolute temporal and spiritual chief of the tribes of Daghestan. He at the same time introduced a change of military tactics, abandoning open war fare for surprises, ambuscades, etc., which brought numerous, and sometimes great, successes to the arms of the moun taineers. In 1839 the Russians succeeded in hemming Schamyl into Achulgo in Daghestan, took the fortress by storm, and put every one of the defenders to the sword in order to be quite certain that Schamyl should not escape. But by some mysterious means he did escape, and suddenly appeared preaching with more vigor thr.n ever the "holy war against the infidels." Ten years later he again escaped from the same stronghold after the Russians had made themselves masters of it. The Russians were com
pletely baffled, their armies sometimes dis astrously beaten by their unconquerable foe, though he began to lose ground through the long continuance of the struggle and the exhaustion it naturally brought with it. During the Crimean War he was helped by the allies, who sup plied him with money and arms; but after peace was signed the Russians resumed their attacks on the Caucasian tribes with more energy, opened a road over the mountains, thus cutting off one portion of the patriots, and so compelled their submission. On April 12, 1859, Schamyl's chief stronghold, Weden, was taken after a seven weeks' siege, and his authority, except over a small band of personal fol lowers, was wholly destroyed. For sev eral months he was hunted from fastness to fastness, till at last (Sept. 6, 1859) he was surprised on the plateau of Gounib, and after a desperate resistance, in which his 400 followers were reduced to 47, he was captured. He was assigned a residence at Kaluga in the middle of Russia, with a pension of $5,000, and he died in Medina, Arabia, in March, 1871, having taken up his residence in Mecca the year previously. In faith he was a Sufi.