ST. ANDREWS, a town of Scotland; on a rocky plateau at the edge of St. An drews Bay, 42 miles N. N. E. of Edin burgh. From the number and nature of the remains of ancient burials found in and around the city there can be little doubt that there was a settlement here in early prehistoric times. The monkish legend, long discredited, assigned its ec clesiastical origin to St. Regulus or Rule, who, warned in a dream, brought certain bones of St. Andrew from Patras in the 4th century, and was wrecked at Muck ros, afterward called Kilrimont, now St. Andrews. There is, however, reason for believing not only that those relics were brought in the 8th century, but that, before the end of the 6th, Cainnech, or Kenneth, the patron saint of Kilkenny, had founded a monastery at Rig-Monadth, the Royal Mount, and that thus arose the name of Kilrimont. Early in the 10th century it seemingly became the seat of the high bishop of the Scotch; and in Queen Margaret's time he began to be called the Bishop of St. Andrews. The Augustinian Priory, founded in 1144, was the richest and greatest of all the relig ious houses of Scotland. The cathedral, founded in or about 1160, and consecrated in 1318, was stripped of its images and ornaments in 1559, and afterward fell into ruin. The extreme length inside is 355 feet, but at one time it had been several bays longer. The bishop's palace or castle, first built in 1200, was fre quently demolished and retain, and is now a ruin. George Wishart and other
martyrs were confined in its dungeon, and Cardinal Beaton was slain within its walls. None of the ruins is less imposing or more interesting than the foundations on the Kirkhill—the site of the Celtic church. St. Rule's Tower has probably occasioned more discussion and perplexed more archmologists than any other build ing in Scotland. Its arches, as well as that of its roofless chapel, approach the horseshoe in form. The parish church, which was almost entirely rebuilt in 1798, was founded in 1412. Its predecessor, which stood near the cathedral, was built three centuries earlier. Of the Black Friars Monastery a portion of the chapel remains; but of the Grey Friars almost nothing. The parish church of St. Leon ard's is roofless, and the congregation worships in the fine chapel of St. Salva tor's. The Madras College, founded and endowed by Dr. Bell, has been remodeled and placed under a new governing body. The town was erected into a free burgh between 1144 and 1153. The manufac ture of golf clubs and balls is naturally a thriving industry, St. Andrews being known all over the world as the headquar ters of golf. It is a popular watering place and summer resort. Pop. about 8,000.