Order V. TRICHOPTERA.
Wings four, defiexed, hairy, not reticulated ; texture slightly eoriaceous ; posterior pair pli cated, broader than the anterior ; antenna very lung, setaceous ; ocelli three ; maxillary palpi long ; "mouth unfitted for mastication ; man dibles rudimental." Metamorphosis complete.
The perfect insects of this Order, called by fishermen " stone-flies," t are found on water plants, sterns of trees, and palings by the side of rivers. The larva, the caddis, or case-worms, arc aquatic, and reside in little eases which they carry about with them, and construct by uniting bits of wood, minute shells, and fra..;. ments of stones, which arc woven together with threads of fine silk. The pupa is semi-com plete, and quiescent during the greater part of its period, but becomes active, and creeps out of the water upon the stems of plants before changing to the perfect insect.
Order VI. 111%1IENOPTERA.
Wings four, membranous with large areolar cells ; posterior pair smaller than the anterior; antenna longer than the bead ; eyes large ; ocelli three. Mandibles strong, and generally dentated ; maxilla largely developed ; labium and ligula together forming a long proboscis sheathed by the maxilla. Female armed either with a borer or sting. Metamorphosis com plete.
This Order is divided into four sections.
In the first, Terebrantia, borers, the abdo men is sessile or united to the thorax by its whole breadth. In one family, the saw-flics, (fig. 353, a), the abdomen is armed with two serrated partially concealed plates, with which the insect cuts through the bark or pierces the leaves of plants to deposit her eggs. In ano ther family, Urocerida, the true borers, the ab domen is armed with a strong projecting cylin drical spiculum, which is grooved on its under surface, and contains two smaller dentated spi cula, analogous to the plates of the saw-fly, with which the insect bores into timber trees and deposits its eggs. The larva are
active and extremely voracious. Those of the saw-flies, pseudo-caterpillars (fig. 355, A.,) de vour the leaves of plants, and are sometimes exceedingly injurious to the agriculturist, as has been the case with those of Athalia eenti folka to the turnip crops during the last few summers,•while the larva of Uroceridearcsaid to be equally destructive to living trces.t In the second section, Pupophaga, the ich neumon flies, the body is long and slender, and the abdomen is petiolated, or connected only by a constricted neck with the thorax, and the antenna are long and setaceous. The larva are apodal, and are parasitic on other insects.
In the third section, Aculeata, the body is short and pedunculated, and furnished with a true aculeus, which is used as a weapon of de fence. The larva are apodal, are fed by the parent or by sterile females, and generally re side in cells. Some species are solitary, and feed their young with the bodies of other in sects, Crabronidce ; others live in society, and are either omnivorous, as the Formicide, ants, and Vcspida, hornets (fig. 346) and wasps, or mellivorous, as the humble and hive bees, (Apida), which feed their young upon a mix ture of pollen and honey.
In the fourth section, Tubulffera, the body is short, slightly convex, and often compressed laterally ; the posterior wings are almost en tirely destitute of ncrvures, and the abdomen is • Prize Essay of tho Entomological Society on tho Anatomy, Habits, and Economy of Athena centifolia, 1838, by G. Newport.
t Westwood, Introd. &c. vol. ii. p. 119. Mr. Ituddon in Trans. Entomological Society, vol. i.