The latissimus dorsi (12, fig. 349.) is some what feebly developed in ruminants, but its attachments are similar to those in Man. The pectoralis major (13,fig. 349) is proportionately greater, and divided into two,—a small fleshy bundle proceeding from the anterior extremity of the sternum to the lower part of the humerus, and a larger mass coming off from the whole length of the sternum pos terior to the former, its fibres passing ob liquely forward to be inserted into the external tuberosity of the same bone. There is an ad ditional muscular slip in the Sheep and Horse, by the action of which the crossing of the fore-legs is produced ; this is denominated by hippotomists the ambibrachialis communis. Cu vier remarks the same muscle in Cetacea. Corresponding to the scapular division of the deltoid in the human subject, there is, in ru minants and solipeds, a muscle called the ab ductor longus brachii or abd. brach. superior (14, fig. 350.); it generally exhibits two points of attachment above, one at the spine of the scapula, and the other frorn the infra-spinous fossa. On their passage down, the fibres coalesce, and become inserted by a common tendon into the linea aspera of the humerus. The external scapular muscles, viz., the supra spinatus (1, fig. 352.) and infra-spinatus (2), are powerfully marked in this order ; the former is implanted by a double tendon of insertion into the anterior and internal tuber osities of the humerus, the latter being con nected below to the external tuberosity. The round muscles have the same attachments as in man, but the teres inajor or t. externus (3, fig. 353.) is in Ruminantia and Solipeda smaller than the teres minor or t. intermits (2, fig. 353). The sub-scapularis (2, 2fig. 353.) is of large size, and subdivided.
The coraco-brachialis (8,fig. 353.) is always present, although there be no indication of a coracoid apophysis ; the greater part of the muscle lies deep, and is connected to the inner border of the upper half of the humerus, the remainder lying more superficially, and continuing as far as the internal condyle into which it is implanted. The biceps brachii coraco-radialis or flexor cubiti longus (10, fig. 353.) has a similar disposition to its analogue in Man ; but in Carnivore and Solipeda, where the coracoid process is absent, it exhibits but one head. In the Bear, according to Cuvier, the absent division is represented by a mus cular slip passing off froni the coraco-brachi alis. Meckel states that in the Camel and Dromedary the apparently single tendon of origin arises from the margin of the glenoid cavity as usual, but it is very thick, and can easily be separated into two portions, which are united only by cellular tissue. These, as they pass over the head of the humerus, swell out and enclose between them a sesa mold body- consisting of fibro-cartilage ; the external of the tendons is the larger, and also subdivides, giving off a strong tendinous cord which becomes incorporated with the anti brachial aponeurosis. The brachialis internus, or flexor cubiti longus (7, fig. 352, and 11, fig. 353.), is comparatively weak. In the typical ruminant it rises frorn the posterior and ex ternal part of the neck of the humerus, but in the Camel it commences lower down from the middle third of the bone, its tendon of inser tion in all cases being anterior to that of the long flexor. The divisions of the triceps ex tensor cubiti are described under different names by hippotomists, but this disposition is siniilar to that of Man. The extensor cubiti longus (5,fig. 353.) is the extensor magnus of Bourgelat ; the extensor brevis is the extensor medius of the same author, and the anroneous longus of Gurlt ; the brachialis externus is the extensor brevis of the former and the anconeus externus of the latter. There is also another
muscle termed by Gurlt the anconeus internus (7 ,fig. 353.).
The Ruminantia and Solipeda are generally described as possessing neither supinators nor pronators, but the above-named author figures in the Ox a small muscnlar bundle, which he calls the pronator teres (13, fig. 353.) ; and moreover Meckel points out the rudiments of this muscle in the Camel, remarking at the saine time that its function is no longer that of a pronator but of a flexor. The extensor carpi radialis (9, fig. 352.) is single in the Ca merus to be inserted into the base of the can non bone at the fore-part. Antagonistic to this, is the fiaror carpi radialis (14,fig. 352.), the tendon of which is connected to the base of the cannon bone behind. The tendons of the extensores digitorzon longior (11) and bre vior (12, fig. 352.) separate in front of the foot, the divisions of the former being inserted into the base of the ultimate bones of' the toes, and those of the latter into the distal extremities of the penultimate phalanges. A muscle corresponding to the abductor pallid: (10) is present, notwithstanding the absence of the thumb, and becomes attached to the inner aspect of the inferior end of the cannon bone. The fiexores carpi ulnaris externus (13) and internus (16,fzg. 352.) are both inserted into the pisiform bone. The tendons of the fiexor digitorum sublimis (15, fig. 352.) and of the ilex. profundus pezforans remain dis tinct, the latter piercing the former as usual, to be implanted into the base of the distal phalanges of either toe.
Muscles of the haunch and hind-limb.—The gluteus maximus (15, fig. 349.), which is but feebly manifested in all quadrupeds, owing to the horizontal position of the body, has an in significant development in ruminants. It rises from the crest of the ilium and sacral fascia, receiving in its passage down a strong tendon from the tensor fascia latce (16,fig. M.); the tendon proper to the glutmus becomes inserted below the trochanter, while that of the tensor is continued on in front of the tibia, perform ing in some measure the office of a flexor. The biceps femoris or vastus tongus of Bourgelat (17, 18,fig. 349.), is a muscle of striking proportions in this order and in solipeds. It onginates by two distinct heads, one of which proceeds from the tail and sacro-sciatic fascia, and the other comes off from the tuberosity of the ischium ; the fibres of both proceed down ward, and are inserted, the former chiefly into the head of the tibia, and the latter into the general aponeurotic covering of the leg. In consequence of the posterior border of the front division overlapping the ischiatic por tion, there results a well marked groove or raphe, forming a characteristic feature exter nally on the skin as when the muscle is in ac tion; this is better seen in the IIorse. The ar rangements of the iliacus internus (17 , fig. 350.), glutceus medius (18), and minimus (19), and pyreformis, are similar to those in Man, differ ing mainly in proportion, the last named being particularly small; the same observation applies more or less to the obturator externus and internus, the genzelli, quadrates fenzoris, vasti and adductores, the two groups of muscles comprehended under the latter titles being chiefly interesting on account of their great size and strength.
Having already extended our myological descriptions beyond the prescribed limits, we conclude this part of our subject by observing that the muscles of the hind leg resemble those of Solipeda so closely as scarcely to demand a separate notice, while those acting upon the digits have the same general dis position as in the fore limb.