Sauria, Ophidia, and Chelonia.—The authors mentioned describe the appearances in these reptiles as being similar to what they have found in Batrachia. The ciliary motion oc curs in the oviduct and in the nose, mouth, pharynx, Eustachian tube, and inner surface of the lungs. In the Serpent and Tortoise they state that it extends along the gullet to its termination at the stomach, as we have seen to be the case in the Batrachia. The motion of the cilia is remarkably vivid in the mouth of the Serpent, and in the Tortoise it endures for several days after death, not ceasing till the parts are destroyed by putrefaction.
B. Birds.— The same physiologists have discovered the phenomena in thirteen species of pirds, belonging to five different orders ; and as they met with it in every species sub mitted to examination, they infer that it exists in all.
In Birds, as in otherVertebrated animals, the motion shows itself on the lining membrane of the oviduct and that of the respiratory organs. It was detected in the nasal cavities and Eustachian tube, in the windpipe and its divisions, even in the smallest branches capable of investigation, and on the internal surface of the large sacs or receptacles into which the air penetrates. No trace of it could be found in the mouth and pharynx. In regard to the direction of the impulsion, the authors state that in the oviduct they had found it to be from the internal towards the external extre mity of the tube, and in the windpipe from its orifice towards its branches, or from without inwards, at least they so observed it once in the domestic Fowl. The phenomenon exists in the fcetus of the bird, having been distinctly seen in the fcetal pigeon near the full period.
C. Mammalia.—An accidental observation led Purkinje and Valentin to discover the ciliary motion in Mammalia, and they fol lowed out that discovery by extending their inquiries to other vertebrated animals. While examining the Fallopian tube of a rabbit that had been recently impregnated, in order to discover the ova, they chanced to observe small portions of the mucous membrane of the tube turning round, and moving briskly, and recognized the appearance as an instance of ciliary motion. The whole uterus and organs of generation generally were then dili gently searched, and these motions were dis covered throughout their entire extent, though hf very different degrees of intensity in dif ferent places. They were particularly brisk in the tubes, less so in the cornua of the uterus, still less in the conjoined parts of the organ, most lively of all on its swollen and dark red lips, and of considerable strength in the vagina. After finding the same appearances in the oviduct of Birds and Reptiles, they succeeded also in discovering it in the lining membrane of the air-passages in all the three classes.
In Mammalia the ciliary motion of the re spiratory organs occurs on the mucous mem brane of the nose and its sinuses, and that of the Eustachian tube, also on the lining mem brane of the lower part of the larynx, the trachea, and bronchial tubes, extending. to their smallest divisions capable of examination. No trace of it can be found in the glottis, nor in the mouth and pharynx. It wa.s also sought for unsuccessfully in the lachrymal passages.
The authors mentioned have now examined it in twelve species of Mammalia, and have found the same appearance in all of them ; they add that, although they have had no op portunity of inspecting the parts in the human body so soon after death as to see the cilia. in motion, yet by covering the surfaces to be examined with blood, which preserves the ap pearance longer than any other fluid, they were able on examination, thirty hours after death, satisfactorily to distinguish the cilia both in the nose and windpipe.
I have seen the phenomena in the nose, trachea, and Fallopian tubes of the Rabbit, and in the trachea of the Dog.
According to Purkinje and Valentin the motion occurs in the uterine mucous mem brane, both in the impregnated and unimpreg nated state ; but in gravid animals it appears only on those parts of the uterus which are not adherent to the chorion or external enve lope of the fcetus. The direction of the impul sion they state to be from the intervial ex tremity of the tube, towards the orifice cif the vagina. It seems wanting on the genital mem brane of young animals. On the other hand, it occurs in the respiratory passages of the fcetus, it was detected in fcetal calves and lambs, and in fcetal pigs not more than two inches long. The authors could not with cer tainty distinguish the direction of the im pulsion in the air-passages of Mammalia. In some parts of the nose of the Rabbit, I have been able to trace it clearly enough by means of charcoal powder, the parts being placed in tepid water. On the inferior turbinated bone the grains of powder were slowly carried for wards, following the direction of the project ing laminze of the bone. On breaking open the maxillary sinus and trying its lining mem brane in the same way, the impulsion seemed to be directed towards the back part of the cavity, where its opening is situated. By the same means I traced the direction in the wind pipe of a young dog a few days old ; the im pulsion was best marked on the posterior part of the tube, and there it was obviously di rected towards the larynx, the direction being thus different from what Purkinje and Valentin observed in the domestic Fowl.