The only fascia of the face are, 1. a pal pebral fascia, which connects the convex edges of the tarsal cartilages to the border of the orbit; and, 2. a buccal fascia, which, ex tending forward from the intermaxillary liga ment, covers the posterior half of the buccinator muscle : anterior to this it becomes lost in the surrounding cellular tissue.
General review of the muscles of the face.— With one exception, all the muscles of the face are attached at one part to bone, and at another either to the skin or to some other muscle : their fibres are also red and firm at their fixed attachment, pale and thinner at their moveable extremity. NVith the exception of the orbicularis oris, which is a symmetrical muscle, all the others are arranged in pairs, one on each side of the face. The mouth being the most moveable, has by far the greatest number grouped around it. It pos sesses, 1. a sphincter, the orbicularis oris, the important action of which on the lips in suction, respiration, whistling, blowing, and playing on wind instruments, in speech and in expression, has already been partly spoken of. The associate of this muscle is the levator menti. 2. The antagonist of this are, a, the naso-labialis, the transversalis nasi, the levator labii superioris, both proper and common to it and the nose, and which raise the upper lip; 1), the depressor labii inferioris and pla tysma, which draw down the lower lip ; c, the buccinator, which extends the aperture of the mouth transversely ; d, the zygomatics, the risorius Santorini, and the levator anguli oris, which draw the commissure upwards ; and, e, the depressor anguli oris and platysma, which draw it downwards.
About the eyes there are on each side, 1. a sphincter, the orhicularis palpebra and pal pebmlis, with the associate, the corrugator supercilii; 2, the dilators, the occipato frontalis and levator palpebrw. About the nose there are, 1, a constrictor, the depressor aim nisi; 2. the dilators, levator labii superioris alaque nasi and the dilator nasi; 3. the triangularis nasi, which probably both dilates and contracts the orifice of the nostrils according to the attachment, which is fixed.
The muscles of the face, including the pyramidalis, the levator palpebne, the naso labialis, and the dilator alx nasi, are sixteen pairs in number; if we add the occipito frontalis, the corrugator supercilii, and the platysma, nineteen pairs, and one symmetrical, the orbicularis oris. Of these, four pairs belong to the eye, three pairs to the nose, ten pairs and one single one to the mouth : two Fairs are common to the mouth and the nose.
The use of the muscles of the face with respect to expression is a subject of so much interest, and involves so many collateral facts, that it will be better considered under the separate article l'ilystoo son v. It will be
sufficient to observe here that the muscles which express lively feeling and the gay passions, such as the occipito-frontalis, the levator pal pebrarum, the levators and dilators of the lips and their commissure, do for the most part either raise or draw the parts from the median line ; and that those muscles which manifest the sadder feelings and the darker passions, as the corrugator supereilii, the pyramidalis, the levator menti, the depressors of the lower lip and its commissure, either depress the parts or draw them from the median line. The constant and habitual exercise of either of these sets of muscles leaves corresponding permanent folds in the skin, which are in dicative of the habitual feelings and passions of the individual.
The integuments of the face.—The skin of the face is, with the exception of some parts, remarkable for its tenuity, for its abundant supply of vessels, nerves, and follicles ; for the growth of hair, which covers some parts of it; and for its attachment to the subjacent muscles. The vascularity of the skin in some parts is even beautiful, tinting the cheek and lips, as in the act of blushing, assisting in the expression of the feelings and passions. The subcutaneous cellular tissue is, in general, very dense in this region, and is mingled with more or less fat, except on the eyelids, where it is loose, delicate, and quite destitute of adipose tissue. Generally speaking, the skin of the face is more adherent, and the subjacent cel lular tissue is more dense and less fatty, along the median line than at the lateral parts; the nose and lips offer examples of this fact. At the sides the cellular tissue is looser below, near the base of the jaw, than higher up on the cheeks. Most of the muscles are more or less surrounded with fat, which, however, par ticularly abounds on the cheeks and between the masseter and buccinator muscles.
Vessels of the face.---The arteries are de rived chiefly from the external carotid, viz. 1. the external maxillary or the facial artery, and its branches; 2. branches from the tem poral, particularly the transverse facial artery ; 3. branches from the internal maxillary, more particularly the infra-orbitar, the buccal, and the superior and inferior dental arteries; 4. some arteries which emerge from the orbit and are derived from the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid. These vessels communicate very freely with each other, and form with their accompanying veins an intricate vascular network over the face. See CAtIOTID Aa