BARBARIAN (ficipi3apos). This term is used in the New Testament, as in classical writers, to denote other nations of the earth in distinction from the Greeks. I am debtor both to the Greeks and Barbarians' —"EX)vvrf TE !cal pap pcipoa (Rom. i. 14); der Griechen and der Un griechen'—Luther ; To the Grekes and to them which are no Grekes'—Tyndale, 1534, and Geneva, 1557 ; To the Grekes and to the Ungrekes'— Cranmer, 1539• In Coloss. Greek nor Jew—Barbarian, Scythian'—BdpPapos seems to refer to those nations of the Roman empire who did not speak Greek, and ElaiOns to nations not under the Roman dominion (Dr. Robinson). In Cor. xiv. t /, the term is applied to a difference of language : If I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a bar barian (` as of another language,' Geneva Vers.), and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian (` as of another language' Geneva Vers.) unto me.' Thus Ovid, Barbai us hic ego sum, quia non intelligor Trist. v. 10. 37. In Acts xxviii. the inhabi tants of Malta are called Fd.pgapoe, because they were originally a Carthaginian colony, and chiefly spoke the Punic language. In the Septuagint, Fdpikpos is used for the Hebrew A people of strange language' (Ps. cxiv. ; in the Chaldee paraphrase 'N1111 Nnvn. In the Rabbinical writers 13h is applied to foreigners in distinction from the Jews ; and in the Jerusalem Talmud it is explained( by 1I'B', i.e., the Greek language ; Rabbi Solomon remarks, that whatever is not in the Holy tongue, is called 1319 (Buxtorf, Lex. Talm.) According to Herodotus, the Egyptians called all men barbarians who did not speak the same language as themselves : 6AcriXtho-covs, ii. 158. Clement of Alexandria uses it respecting the Egyptians and other nations, even when speak ing of their progress in civilization, as in his Strom.
i. c. 16, sec. 74 : Ou p.dvng lbloaoaocpias, tiXXa rat rdans o-x€86r, Texpnr cbperat Brippapoc.
TEN yoriv rpi.37-ot. aorpoXo-ytav Ets dpOpcfnrovs Incohos le rat XaN3a/oe.—' Barbarians have been inventors not only of philosophy, but likewise of almost every art. The Egyptians, and in like manner the Chaldwans, first introduced among men the knowledge of astrology.' In a singular pas sage of Justin Martyr's first Apology, the term is ap plied to Abraham and other distinguished Hebrews : We have learned and have before explained, that Christ is the first begotten of God, being the Word (or reason) X6-yov tivra, of which the whole human race partake. And they who live agreeably to the Word (or reason) o/ are Christians, even though esteemed atheists : such among the Creeks were Socrates, Heraclitus, and the like ; and among the barbarians (` among other nations,' Chevallier's Trans.) ez, /3api3apois, Abra ham, Ananias, Azarias, Misael, and Elias, and many others.'—Apol. i. 46. Strabo (xiv. 2) sug gests that the word Bar-bar-as was originally an imitative sound, designed to express a harsh dis sonant language, or sometimes the indistinct articu lation of the Greek by foreigners, and instances the Carians, who on the latter account he conjectures were termed by Homer gappapbcbcovot (Il. ii. 867). The word appears to have acquired a reproachful sense during the wars with the Persians ; their country was called s goippapos (-yi)). (Rost u. Palm, Lex. s, v. BeiN3apos.)—J. E. R.