Tesknrah (11V, Ar. L, offero), obla tion : a present to a 'man of God,' Sam. ix. 7 ; Aram. r13111, Dan. ii. 6 ; v. 17, a present (to gether with turin) to a diviner.
• Shohad; (Aram. imv, Syr.iri..,Q-s, Taint. lsr110, front liit!", to make a present for the pur pose of buying off a penalty, Job vi. 22 ; chiefly in the sense of a bribe, Exod. xxiii. S ; Deut. x. 17 ; Ps. x.xvi. to, etc.
? Eshkor (17e, Ar. = inty, to hire, buy, reward), Price, Tribute; Ezek. xxvii. 15 to gether with n-Irm, merchandize-' The men of De dan were thy merchants. . . . They brought thee for a present horns of ivory and ebony ;' I's. bodi. to, parall. with rum, tribute.-[Hitzig's derivation from iBt!);;, a certain coin (Aram. As spar), is not tenablej ton6j, Shilluhim (14V, to send away), presents sent away:-together with a newly married daughter t Kings ix. 16. ` Pharaoh had taken Gezer . . . and given it for a present unto his daughter, Solomon s wife.' Words of an entirely special signification are ` dowry' (Gen. xxx. 2o).
„, nrio, dowry,'-paid by the bridegroom to the parents of the bride (gapop; ; Syr.
1301&::1) (Gen. xxxiv. 12 ; Ex0d. xxii. 16).
nr.g, Nedeh, gift to a whore' (Ezek. xvi. 35).
TheN. T. chiefly employs the following words: A 3 por, (rill, ill in Tahnud and Midrash), prin cipally a gift of honour, Matt. ii. 1, Sacrificial ofering (cE R. vi. 293, viii. 203), Matt. v. 23, 24.; viii. 4; Mark vii. (jr1P); etc., charily (cast into the poor-box of the Temple), Luke xxi. T, ff.
Awed (71"111, Talmud, Midrash) (brotipcipros), Heb. vi. 4, vleaveniy gift,' Holy Ghost ; scil. Tot; rveiltaros, Acts ii. 38, etc.; roil 5-co0, John iv. Jo; 1 Acts viii. 20, etc. (cf. dEsch. Prom. 6t9; Soph. Ai 1032, Hato, Rep. v. 46S).
Ad)pvi.ta, gift of lift, Jam. i. 17, ramp, a corn plete, perfect, because Divine, Gift (cf. Soph. Tr. 668 ; Ar. Nub& 305; Xen. Hier. ii. 4).
Xcipto,t4a, asifi bestowed through the grace of God, without any merit on the receiver's part (like the Gnosis), Cor. i. 7; vii. 7; Rom. v. 15, 16; I Tim. iv. 14, etc.; a special gift, Rom. xi. 29 ; xii. 6, etc.
'Amsan,ua=rin, a gift consecrated to God, and deposited in the Temple for its special use and ornament (Suid., trib, T1) dqotepcop.epov 94), Luke xxi. 5. (2 Macc. v. ; 3 Ma.cc. iii. 17, etc. ; Joseph. Bell. yua'. 1. 2. 7 ; Antiq. xiii. S; xvii. 6, etc.) No less various than the occasions which called them forth, were the gifts themselves. Sometimes consisting of the simple produce of the soil and pasture,s or prepared food (Gen. xxiv. 53; xxxii. r3; I Kings x. 25 ; 2 Chron. xvii. it, etc.), they at other times took the more convenient or ambi tious form of money, silver, gold, jewels, garments, arms, and other articles of use and ornament (I Sam. ix. S ; 2 Sam. xviii. ; Kings x. 25 ; Job xlii. It, etc.), -the value naturally correspond ing to the respective position of donor and receiver, and the complimentary or interested purpose they were to serve. Thus, while I Sam. ix. 8, Saul's present to the prophet, amounts to one-fourth of a Shekel only, the Philistines promise Delilah for the capture of Samson no less than too Shekels (Judg. xvi. 5). It was, and still is, the custom
among friends in the East to offer a present to each other on the occasion of a visit ; be It only a flower or a fruit (Lane, Hod. Egyp1.; Notes to Arab. Nights; Jahn, Bibl. Arch., sec. 2o2). On feasts private or religious-friends send each other eat ables, placed in a dish or tray, covered with a richly embroidered handkerchief or napkin (B.) Inferiors, again, pay their respects to their supe riors, clients to their patrons, subjects to their rulers, the conquered to the conqueror ( Sam. x. 27; Judg. iii. 15, 17 ; 2 Kings xvii. 3, ff.; Ps. xlv. 13, etc. ; cf. Cyrop. v. t5, 12 ; Buckingham Ales.
iv. 39), by offering the most costly gifts, in order to ensure a good reception (cf. Prov. xviii. 16), since a present which should fall short of the receiver's expectations is sent back and a better one asked for (Tavern. i., p. 2o7 ; Pococke, p. 481, etc.) [Cf. Mal. i. 8. Would thy governor receive such unworthy gifts !']. The presents bestowed by kings upon those they wished to honour (Gen. xlv. 22, etc.), military and civil officers (Esth. IS), ambassadors, distinguished strangers and others, consisted of money, rings, chains an'd principally garments (Kaftan, Chala), Gen. xlv. 22, ff.; Dan.
v. 16, 29 ; Esth. vi. 8, is ; Zach. iii. 4, etc. Cf. Cyrop. viii. 3 Cyrus presenting all his officers with Median Robes. //. xxiv. 226 : Priam dis tributing garments of honour to his guests (Freytag, Hirt. Hal. 33, 38; iElian. V H. ; 11. i. 32, etc.) These garments, ror$n, Ivn, were princi pally bestowed before a feast (Gen. xlv. 22 ; IS. iv. 6 ; 11. TO ; Rev. iii. 5), it being a ,reat breach of etiquette not to appear in them on the occasion, Chard. iii., p. 325. Sometimes to enhance the value of his gift, the king presents his favourite with the garment he has worn himself (i Sam. xviii. 4 ; Cyrop. 4, 26; v. I, O. Distribution af food among the people on festive occasions .is mentioned 2 Sall]. vi. 19 the Roman eongiarza, viscerationes, Liv. xxv. 2, Cic. z6). It is but natural to the East that the greatest pomp and circumstance should be connected with the presentation of gifts. As many men and baists of burden—each perhaps carrying a ridiculously small piece of the offering—as can possibly .be mustered, are pressed into the dignified procession which is to carry it ; thus forty [if the reading be correct] camels' load Of presents are sent by Ben Hadad to F.lisha (2 Kings viii. 9). Abundant examples of this often gratuitous show are fur nished by the Assyrian and Persepolitan sculptures. Thc reception of the present, chiefly from a supe rior, is no less accompanied with all the customary signs of reverence and respect, such as kissing it, touching it with the forehead, or laying it upon the head (cf. Jahn, B. A., sec. 203). That the re fusal of a present constituted a great insult need hardly be added.—E. D.