FrOM this comparison, it will be seen that, with the exception of the doctrine of the resurrection and future rewards and punishments, the tenets of the Karaites, collected and systematised by Anan in 76o A.D., and elaborated by his distinguished followers, Benjamin Nahavendi and others, are the tenets of the ancient Sadducees. Indeed, their identity was acknowledged from the beginning. Thus Saadia Gaon, who wrote against Anan, dis tinctly declares, in his description of the first or ganisation of the Kamites, that about this time Anan and all the godless and unbelieving who were still left of the horde of Zadok and Boethus vx Nrr wpro rom )niNn) r.p)nnz piznn innni prlY ninnn annnn inoz) were fired with jealousy, and secretly cocted a schism' (Pinsker, Lickute Kadmonwt, Appendix, p. 103). Whilst Jacob b. Joseph Kirkisani, who records the opinions of older writers, speaks of the two sects as identical. Know therefore,' says he (ri,tiv cm Innyr_s n,):-In ,;ei n,z3 rinri urn nty5nru nn nnyrtz cvin,r1), that there was a division during the second temple, and that the Rabbinists, who are known by the name Pharisees, prevailed, whilst the Karaites, who are known by the name Saddu cees, succumbed' (Pinsker, ibid. p. 84)• ill. Influence of the Karaites ott Biblic-al Litera ture and Exegesis in past days, and the present C071 deli= of this Sect. —As the Karaites did not re gard the folios containing the traditions of the Rabbins as authoritative expositions of the contents of the Bible, the study of the Hebrew Scriptures in their literal and grammatical sense became their chief object. The impulse which this fact gave to the prosecution of sound exegesis and philology can hardly be overrated. The Rabbinic Jews, seeing that their opponents the Karaites had made great progress in Biblical knowledge, and could wield the Scriptures as a most dangerous weapon against the traditions of the fathers, were driven in self-defence also to apply themselves to the study of the written word of God. Both parties were thereby greatly benefited. The Karaites, however, for a time remained masters of the field. It is beyond the scope and limits of this article to detail the changes and modifications which have been introduced into the tenets and practices of Karaism since its first organisation by Anan. Suffice it to say that this sect still exists and numbers about 5000 or 6000 followers. About 15oo of them reside at Djufut Kale, about 800 at Eupatoria, zoo at Odessa, about 3o in Theodotia. Some of them are to be found in Wilna and other parts of Lithuania, and in Taganrog and Cherson. Out of Russia they are to be found in Galicia, where they have synagogues under the protection of the Austrian government ; in Constantinople, where there are about 15o of them ; in Kahira, in Jerusalem, and in Syria. Everywhere their morality is unexception able, their honesty and general probity in the transaction of business with their Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan neighbours, are proverbial. No vice nor crime is known among them. The records of the police in Russia show that no Karaite has been punished for an offence against the laws for four hundred years. Both the Russian and Aus
trian governments, as a reward for their high integrity and quiet industry, have conferred privi leges and immunities upon the Karaites which are denied to the Rabbinical Jews, and sometimes even to their Christian fellow-subjects.
5. Literature.—Owing to the complete triumph and general prevalence of Pharisaism, the literature of the Sadducees recording their principles, rise, progress, etc., is exceedingly meagre ; and our chief information upon this sect is derived from the sources of their opponents—i.e. the Mishna, the Talmud, and the Midrashim—which are both scanty and greatly distorted by party feeling. To supplement this deficiency we have the scattered notices of the Samaritans, which materially aid us in many points, since the Samaritans, like the Sadducees, adhered in matters of law to the pre-Pharisaic or Sadducean application thereof. Of still greater help is the more ample informa tion we possess about the Karaites or the modern Sadducees. Of modern writers who have treated upon the Sadducees are to be mentioned Ewald, Geschichte des Polkes Israel, vol. iv. p. 313-318, Gottingen 1852 ; Herzfeld, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, vol. iii. pp. 359, 365, 382-388, Nord hausen 1857 ; Graetz, Geschichte der 7uden, pp. 76-79, 454-463, 2d ed., Leipzig 1863 ; Jost, Ge schichte des 7ica'enthums und seiner Seam, vol. i. p. 216, etc., Leipzig 1857. No one, however, has done so much to elucidate the true character of the Sadducees, their position with regard to the Pharisees, their connection with the ancient Sama ritans and the modern Karaites, as the learned Geiger, in his Urschrift und Uebersetziengen der Bad, p. too, etc., Breslau 1857. The results which this indefatigable scholar first communicated in the Urschrt:ft he followed up by further researches into divers points connected with the Sadducees : the additional information thus obtained he com municated in the jiidische Zeitschrift, vol. i. p. 19, etc., Breslau 1862; vol. ii. p. t, etc., Breslau 1863 ; in the Zeitsthrift der deutschen mowenleina'ischen Gesellschaft, vol. xvi. p. 714, etc., Leipzig 1862 ; and in the Hebrew Essays and Reviews entitled He-Chalziz, vol. v. p. 29, etc. ; vol. vi. p. 13, etc., Breslau 1861. The great storehouse of Karaite literature is the Hebrew work published by Pinsker, entitled Lithute Kadmoniot, Vienna 186o. This volume, which consists of two parts and a double pagination (viz., the text or Part One, extending from p. r to 234, and the appendix, or Part Two, embracing p. to 228), has created a new era in the history of the Karaites or modern Sadduceeism. To this must be added Fiirst's excellent Geschichte des Karderthunts, vol. i. Leipzig 1862, vol. ii. Leipzig 1865. Fiirst, whose history of this inter esting sect is based upon Pinsker's elaborate work, also gives in the first volume a sketch of the doc trines and practices of the Sadducees, and like Geiger shows the intimate connection subsisting between the Sadducees and the Karaites.—C. D. G.