5. The Literature on the Essenes.—The oldest accounts we have of this order are those given by Josephus, Bell. yud• ii. 8. 2-15; Antiq. xii. 5. 9; xv. to. 4, if ; xviii. I. 2, ff.; Philo, Quad omnis probes fiber, sec. xii. ff.; Pliny, Hut. Natur, v., c. xvi. xvii.; Solinus, Polyist. c. xxxv.; Porphyry, De Abstinentia, p. 3Sr ; Epiphanius, Adv. Herr. lib. i.; Eusebius, Histor. Eccles., ii. c. xvii. Of modern productions we have Bellermann, Geschichtliche Nachrichten aus dem Alterthzenze nber Esther and Therapeuten, Berlin, 182r, who has studiously collected all the descriptions of this order; Gfrorer, Philo und die jiidisch-alexandri. nische Theosophie, Stuttgart, 1835, p. 299, ff.; Prideaux, Connection of the 0. and N. T, part ii., book v., 5; Ddhne, Geschichtliche Darstellung de; jiidisch-alexandrinische Religions Philasophie, i. ff.; and by the same author, the article Essder, in Ersch send Gruber's Encyklotadie; Neander, History of the Church, ed. Bohn, vol. i. The Essays of Frankel, in his Zeitschrif?fair die religiosen Interessen d. Yudenthzenzs, 1846, p. 441, ff.; and Monalschnft Geschichte zt. Wissenschaft d.
.7zzdenthunzs, vol. ii. p. 30 ff., 61 ff., are most important, and may be considered as having created a new epoch in the treatment of the history of this order. Adopting the results of Frankel, and pur suing the same course still further, Graetz has given a masterly treatise upon the Essenes in his Ger chichte der 7uden, Leipzig, 1856, iii. 96 ff., 518 ff.; treatises of great value are also given by Jost, Geschichte des Yudenthums mid seiner Secten, Leip zig, 1857, p. 207 ff. ; and Herzfeld, Geschichte a. V. Israel, Nordhausen, 1857, vol. ii. p. 368, 388, ff. The accounts given by Ewald, Geschicht, d. Volkes Israel, Gottingen, 1852, vol. iv. p. 42o, ff., and Hilgenfeld, Die jaidische Apokalyptik, Jena, 1857, P. 245, E, though based upon Philo and Josephus, are important contributions to the litera ture of the Essenes. To these must be added the very interesting and important relics of the Essenes, published by Jellinek, with instructive notices by the learned editor, in Beth Ha-illnlrash, vol. ii., Leipzig, 1853, p. xviii. ff.; vol. iii. Leipzig, 1855, p. xx. ff.—C. D. G.