As there was no system of construction strictly the following cut (No. 249), taken from another Egyptian worlc, we have a series of towers, that in the middle being evidently the citadel or keep, and a gateway indicating that the wall is omitted, or is intended by the lines of the oval surrounding the whole. In No. 242 there is a scaling-ladder. In No. 249 we see a regular labarurn, the most an cient example extant of this fonn of ensign, and the towers are manned with armed soldiers. In No. 243, another towered fortress, garrisoned with troops, is surrounded by a double ditch, and ap proached by bridges, both in front and rear. This representation refers to a city in Asia, attacked by one of the Egyptian conquering kings, anterior to the rise of the Assyrian and Babylonish power. No. 245 is taken front a seal, and is a symbol of Babylon, where the city, sustained by two lions, is shewn standing on both sides of the Euphrates, having an outer wall ; the inner rampart is flanked by numerous elevated and embattled towers. There is another, but less antique representation of Baby lon, with its lions and towers, etc. ; hut the battle
ments are squared, not pointed, as in the first. Not very different front these double walls are those re presented in the Egyptian painting copied in No. 246. The towers are here crowded with soldiers, some of whom, from the form of their shields, are ob viously Egyptians. These are sufficient to give a general idea of cities fenced entirely by art ; but in No. 247 we g,ive the Tsaroch tower, taken from one still extant in Persia, shewing a ditch and gate way below in the mound or rock, its double outer walls and inner keep, very like Launceston castle. This was the kind of citadel which defended pusses, and in the mountains served for retreat in times of calamity, and for the security of the royal treasures ; and it was on account of the confined si:ace within, and the great elevation of the ram parts, that private houses frequently stood upon their summit, as was the case when the harlot Rahab received Joshua's spies in Jericho (Josh. ii. i).—C. II. S.