2. Geographical Works and Itineraries.—Ptolemy, Gees-mph/a, fol. 1535 ; Tabula Pentingerthna, a rude chart of the Roman empire, made in the 3d century. Reland gives the part including Pales tine. Eusebius and Jerome, Ononzasticon Urbium et Locorum S. Script:tree, ed. Cleric°, fol. 1707 [last ed. by Larsow and Parthey, Ben 1S62] ; Vetera Romanorum Itineraria, ed. Wesseling,io, 1735, containing the important itineraries of the Bourdeaux pilgrim, and of Antoninc, with Syreek denuis of Hierocles ; Edrisi, Geographia Univer salis, in Rosenmuller's Analecta Arabica, IS28 ; Topographical Index in Bohadini Vita et Res Cestee Saladani, ed. Schultens, fol. 1732 ; Brocardus, Locorum Terra Sall. Descriptio, ed. Clerico, ap pended to the Onomasticon, fol. 1707 ; Abulfeda, Tabula Syriaca, 1766; Bochart, Opera, ed. Leus den et Villemandy, 3 vols. fol. 1712; Sanson, Ceagraphia Sacra, ed. Clerico, fol. 1704 ; Caroli A. S. Paulo, Ceognzphia Sacra, ed. Holsten, fol. r704; Cellarius, Notitia Orbis Antiqui, 2 vols. 4to, 170r 5 ; Wells, Historical Geography of the O. and N. T., 2 VOIS. 1819 ; Reland, Pa/cast/ix ex momenzenlis veteribus Illitstrata, 2 vols. 4to, 1714; Busching, Erdbesehreibtaw Parastina, Arabien, etc., 1785 ; Winer, Biblisches Realwiirterbuch, 2 vols. 1847-48 ; Rosenmiiller, Bib. Geogn of Central Asia, by Marren, 2 vols. 1836 ; Rammer, Pakistina, 1850 ; Forster, Hi'storical Geography of Arabia, 2 VO1S. 1844 ; Rohr, Historico-Geographical account of Pal esthze, 1843; Ritter, Die Sinai-Halbinsel, Fallistina und Syrien, 4 vols. in six parts, 1848-55 ; Kitto, Physical Geography of Palestine, 2 VOIS. 1841 ; Conybeare and Howson, Life of St. Paul, 2 VOIS. 4t0, 1855 ; SITlith, Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul, 2d ed. 1856; Porter, Handbook for Syria and Palestine, 2 vols. 1858 ; Van de Velde, Memoir of Map of Palestine, IS58.
3. Books of Travel.—Wright's Early Travels in Palestine, ISA containing among others Arculf, Saewulf, Benjamin of Tudela, Maundeville, and Maundrell ; Cotovicus, Pinerarium Hierosolymi !online, 1619 ; Quaresmius, Historia Theologiccz et Moralis Terra. Sancta Elucidatio, 2 vols. fol., 1639; Arvieux, TraveIs in Arabia the Desert, 1732 ; Shaw, Travels in Barbary and the Levant, 2 VOIS. 1808 ; Pococke, Description of the East, 2 vols. fol., 1743-45 ; Hasselquist, Travels in the Levant, 1766 ; Niebuhr, Travels through Arabia, 2 vols.
1792; Volney, Voyag-e en Syrie, etc., 2 vols., Paris, 1807 ; Ali Bey, Travels in Morocco, Egypt, Syria, etc., 2 vols. 4to, 1816 ; Seetzen, Reisen dui-ch Pallistina, etc., 3 vols. '854-55 ; Burckhardt, Travels in Syria, 4to, 1S22 ; Travels in Arabia, 4to, 1829 ; Notes on the Bedouin and Wahabys, 4to, 1830 ; Travels in Nubia, 4to, 1822; 13uckingham, Travels in Palestine, 4to, 1822; Travels among the Arab Tribes, 4to, 1825; Irby and Mangles, Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor, etc., 1822 ; Laborde, yourouy through Arabia-Petraa to Sinai and Petra, 1838 ; Lord Lindsay, Letters on Egypt, Edon', and the Holy Land, 2 vOIS. 1838 ; Addison, Damascus and Palmyra, 2 vols. 1338 ; Bowring, Rzpart on Statistics of Syria, 1840 ; Williams, The Hay Ci0'7 2 vols. 1849 ; Bartlett, Forty Days in the Desert, 5th ed. ; [Milks about yerusalem ; yenesalem Re visitea', 1855 ; Footsteps of our Lora' and kis Apos tles, 1852 ;, Wilson, Lands of the Bible, 2 vOls. 1847 ; Tobler, Bethlehem, 1S49; Topographie von yerusalem lend seinen Umgebungen, 2 VOIS. 1853 54 ; Lynch, Official _apart of Expedition to Explore the Dead Sea, etc., 4to, 1S52 ; Narrative of Expe dition, etc., London, IS55 ; De Saulcey, Narrative of yourney rouna' the Dead Sea, etc., 2 vOIS. 1853 ; Van de Velde, Narrative of yourney through Syria and Palestine, 2 vOIS. 1854 ; Lepsius, Dircoveries Eg)pt, the Peninsula of Sinai, etc., 1853 ; Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine in 1838 52, 2d ed., 3 vols. 1856 ; Porter, Five Years in Damascus, Researches in Palmyra, Lebanon, and Bashan, 2 VOIS. 1855 ; Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, 1849; Nineveh and Babylon, 1853 ; Loftus, Chaletha and Susiana, 1857 ; Stanley, Sinai ana' Falestine, 1856; Thomson, The Land and the Book, Land. 1860. In addition to the above, important articles on Biblical Geography and Topography may be seen in various numbers of the American BibliotIzeca Sacra, the yournal of Sacred Literature, and the yourual of the Royal Geographi cal Society, by Robinson, Thomson, Porter, Rawlin son, Layard, Wallin, Poole, Ainsworth, and others.
Maps.—The best small maps are those in Robin son's Researches and Porter's Hana'book ; Van de Velde's lame map of Palestine is the most com plete and accurate hitherto published.—J. L. P.
GEON. [GliioN.]