xvii. 4 and Jer. x. 14, the founder' is mentioned, a trade which implies a practical knowledge of metallurgy ; the smelting and working of metals were well known to the Hebrews (Job xxxvii. IS) ; brass was in use before iron ; arms and instruments of husbandry were made of iron. Architecture and the kindred arts do not appear to have made much progress till the days of Solomon, who em ployed an immense number of persons to procure timber (1 Kings v. 13, sq.); but the men of skill for building his temple he obtained from Hiram, king of Tyre (1 Kings v. 6, sq. ; Chron. xiv. r ; Chron. 7). Without pursuing the subject into all its details (see Scholz, Hana'b. der Bib. Archhol. p. 390, sq. ; De W'ette, Lebhr. der Arehdol. p. 115, sq. ; Winer, Realwo; t. art. Handwerke'), We rema.rk that the intercourse which the Baby lonisli captivity gave the Jews seems to have greatly improved their knowledge and skill in both the practical and the fine arts, and to have led them to hold them in very high estimation. The arts were even carried on by persons of learning, who took a title of honour from their trade (Rosen miiller, Afaisea/. vi. 42). It was held a sign of a bad education if a father did not teach his son some handicraft—` quicunque filium suum non docet aliquid opificium est ac si doceret eum latrocinium' (Lightfoot, p. 616 ; Mish. Tr. Pirke Aboth, ii. 2 ; Wagenseil's Sota, p. 597 ; Othon. Lex. Rabb.
490 ln the Apocrypha and N. T. there are men tioned. tanners (Acts ix. 43), tent-makers (Acts xviii. 3) ; in Joseph. (De Bell. y.d. v. 4. r) cheese makers, rvparrotoi ; barbers (Icoupeis, Antiq. xvi. 6); in the Talmud, with others we find tailors, shoe makers, blood-letters, glaziers, goldsmiths, plas terers. Certain handicraftsmen could never rise to the rank of high-priest (Mish. Tr. Kiddush, 82. r), such as weavers, barbers, fullers, perfumers, cup pers, tanners ; -which pursuits, especially the last, were held in disesteem (Mishna, Tr. llieg,illah, ; Othon. Lex. Rabb. 155; Wetstein, N. T. ii. 516). In large cities particular localities were set apart for particular trades, as is the case in the East to the present day. Thus in Jeremiah (xxxvii. 21) we read of the bakers' street.' So in the Talmud (.111ishna, v. 169, 225) mention is made of a flesh-market ; in Josephus (De Bell. .7zed. v. 4. i) of a cheese-market ; and in the N. T., probably (John v. 2) we read of a sheep-market. See Iken, Antiq. Hebr. iii.-ix. p. 578, sq. ; Bellermann, .Handb. 1. 22, ST.—J. R. B.
Aa'dendunz. —To the above general statements it may be well to add a few more minute particulars respecting the different trades practised among the Jews.
Haunts, nnt, literally- wailers, from -1:7] a zvall (2 Kiags xii. 18 [z2, A.V.J; i;t3 workers of wall-stone (2 Sam. v. 11 ; Chr'on' xxii. 15) ; storze-cutters or hewers (1 Chron. XXII. 2, 15 [workers of stone, A.V.); Ezra iii. 7, etc.) The 134.3h (2 Kings xii. 12), were probably master-masons (‘ builders,' A.V. ver. r1). In the
time of Solomon the most skilled of these handi craftsmen came from the territories of Hiram, king of Tyre ; hence the n',9; of Kings v. 18, errone ously rendered by stone-squarers' in the A. V. [GEBAL..] For the squaring of the stones a saw (rn.ro) was used (r Kings vii. 9). [SAw.] As 1...
they also prepared the stones by hewing (i Chron.
x.xii. 2) they must have used the chisel and the mallet (r13pp, Kings vi. 7), though no mention of the former occurs in Scripture (see the representation of the Egyptian mallet and chisel in Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. ii. 313, 314). They used also the plumb-line (TIM, Am. vii. 7), the measuring-reed Ezek. 5), the measuring-line (1p, Job , xxxviii. 5 ; Zech. i. 16), and the axe (in], Kings vi. 7).
2. Carpenters (rF1 401.: 11, 2 Sam. v. ; 2 Kings xii. 12, etc., or simply 071, Is. li. 7) ; 76CT(OP, Mark vi. 3 ; Matt. xiii. 55). The work of the carpenter belongs to the earliest efforts of men to provide themselves with the ordinary con veniences and comforts of life. Though, there fore, the workmen employed by David and Solomon in their great buildings were chiefly Phcenicians, we must believe that the carpen ter's art, at least in its ordinary applications, was familiar to the Hebrews. It would even ap- ' pear that there were persons among them at both an early and a later period who could exe cute the finer parts of wood carving (Exod. xxxv. 33 ; Is. xli. 7 ; xliv. 13). The implements used by the carpenter were the axe Wry [AXE], PS. lxxiv. 5 ; Jer. xlvi. 22 ; or in), Del;t. xix. 5 ; Is. x. 15) ; the measuring-line (1[?,, Is. xliv. 13) ; the chisel or carving tool (rlpyr?v, Is. xliv. 13); the compass (rulnp), the stYlus or graver C11.1, Ibid.) They used lalso the the same as the masons.
3. Workers in Metal. —These were copper-smiths (nt..'n: +0,n, Kings vii. ; xaMieos, 2 Tim. iv.
r4); iron-smiths (121-111eirl, Is. xliv.12, or simply nil, sam. aiii. 19); and silver-smiths or smiths (n+p-iy, Tudg. xvii. 4 ; Prov. xxv.
4 ; Is. xl. 19 ; iii. 2, 3 ; ciryvpoxdros, Acts xix. 24), the last of whom seem to have formed a guild (Neh. ill. 8). Weapons and cooking uten sils were made of copper, which was simply beat out (Num. xvii. 4) or cast into a mould (r Kings vii. 46 ; Job. xxxvii. 18) and polished (r Kings vii. 45). Workers in the precious metals also used the same methods of preparing their articles ; they seem also to have understood the art of gilding and of fillagree work (Is. xl. 19 ; xli. ; xliv. 12 : comp. Hartmann, Dk Ilebriierin, etc., i. 261).
The implements they used were of the simplest kind—the anvil (t3241, Is. idi. 7), the hammer (-140n, trics [HAmmERJ); the tongs (t4.1-Jen, Is. vi. 6) ; the bellows (nn*, Jer. vi. 29).
_ _ 4. Workers in earth and clay. [See BRICKS ; POTTER ; GLASS ; BoTTLE.] 5. The preparation of skins and works in leather of various sorts must have engaged the attention of the Hebrews but we possess no precise informa tion on this subject. [LEATHER ; BOTTLE ; SAN