viii. 4; x. 18). Notwithstanding the divine prohi bition (Deut. xvii. 16), David reserved 'co chariots (2 Sam. viii. 4), and Solomon, having introduced the use of chariots and horsemen in war (1 Kings x. 26-29 ; 2 Chron. i. 14), was imitated by succeed ing kings of Judah and Israel (1 Kings xvi. 9; 2 Kings viii. 21; xiii. 7). Before the establishment of a standing army, and for a considerable period afterwards, there was no military service among the Hebrews, except of natives who not only received ' no pay, but had to provide their own arms and food (I Sam. xvii. 17). Sometimes an arrangement was made for supplying victuals (Judg. xx. 1o). Under Solomon and Hezekiah there were cities and houses of store (i Kings ix. 19; 2 Chron. xxxii. 28). Arms were provided by Uzziah (2 Chron. xxvi. 14). In one instance we read of the payment of mercenaries, but, on the admonition of a prophet, they were dismissed (2 Chron. xxv. 6).
A standing army originated with the kings. It was foretold by Samuel (I Sam. viii. I 1, 12). Saul had a body of 300o chosen men, which he sought to recruit (I Sam. xiii. 2; xiv. 52). It is supposed by Thenius, on I Sam. xxii. 14, that he had a body guard, of which David was captain; but this view requires an alteration of the text.
David also had chosen men (2 Sam. xv. 18). The 60o men here referred to are supposed to have been ' the mighty men,' Win.M, 2 Sam. xx. 7, who had been David's companions in arms before he became king (I Sam. xxiii. 13; xxv. 13). If this be correct, ' the mighty men' must be taken in a narrower sense in 2 Sam. xxiii. 8. The mean ing of the word t4E), shalish, which occurs in 2 Sam. xxiii. 8, has been much disputed. Pri marily it seems to have denoted one of the three fighting men in a war-chariot (Exod. xiv. 7; xv. 4, LXX. ava(3eirac rinorcirat), but it seems to have come latterly to denote just a distinguished class of warriors (1 Chron. xii. 18; 2 Chron. viii. 9), the highest division, as it were, of ' the mighty men,' or, as Ewald suggests, the thirty officers of ' the mighty men' (2 Sam. xxiii. 8, 18). They appear afterwards as adjutants of the king (2 Kings ix. 25 ; xv. 25).
With respect to the Cherethites and Pelethites, 2 Sam. xv. 18, %lin, we are inclined to agree with Gesenius, who translates the expression, carnifices et cursores. They appear to have been David's body-guard, to whom it appertained to execute the sentence of death (Dan. ii. 14). Jose
phus calls them aw,aaroq5lAarcfr (Antiq. vii. 5. 4). We read of a guard n4y, afterwards (I Kings xiv. 28; 2 Kings xi. 4). David had a division of the national army in service each month (I Chron. xxvii.), and we read of another division according to the different arms (2 Chron. xiv. 8). From the case of Uriah and of Ittai (2 Sam. xi. 3 ; xv. 19), we learn that foreigners were not debarred from the army.
In the time of the Maccabees, the army was at first organized by Judas, after the ancient model (I Macc. iii. 55, 56). Simon first paid a standing army, spending much of his own substance for that purpose (I Macc. xiv. 32); and John Hyrcanus was the first of the Jews who maintained foreign troops, which, according to Josephus, he did with the treasures he found in the sepulchre of David (Antiq. xiii. S. 4). The factions and discontent prevailing among the Jews made it necessary for Alexander Jannzeus and the queen Alexandra to hire foreign soldiers (Jos. Antig. xiii. z3. 5 ; xiii. 16. 2). Herod the Great had in his army foreigners of various nations (Antiq. xvii. 8. 3). Nothing certain is known respecting the discipline of these troops, except that they appear to have been organ ized according to the manner of the Romans. And Josephus tells us, that he himself armed and discip lined his troops after the Roman manner (Bell. Jud. ii. 20. 7). It was natural that the Jews should endeavour to learn and practise the organization and discipline by which the Romans had subdued them, as well as other nations. The Roman army was divided into legions, each legion into ten cohorts ; each cohort into three maniples ; each maniple into two centuries, so that there were 30 maniples and 60 centuries (consisting each of Pao men) in a legion. During the period that the Romans exercised a direct supremacy over Judiea, Roman troops were kept there to maintain tran quillity. They were stationed regularly at CHsarea, the seat of the Roman procurator (Acts x. 1), but at the great festivals were partly transferred to Jerusalem (Acts xxi. 31). [BATTLE, SYSTEM OF; CENTURION ; LEGION.] (See Winer, Real-Lf4derbueh, and Herzog's Real-Enc/opayile, article Kriegsheer ; De Wette, Archaologie (third edition) ; Pareau, Antiquitas Hebraica ; Jahn, Biblical Antiquities; Exegetisches Handbuch zone A. T. ; especially Thenius, on the books of Samuel and Kings ; Josephus, etc.)— A. T. G.