Patristit- Comments. —These are abundant ; the opinions of the Greek Fathers are largely collected by Suicer, Thes. Eccles. vol. i. pp. 87-96. The reader will also find very many quoted from the Fathers of both East and West in Abp. Ussher's Answ. to 7esuit, chap. viii., Limbus Patrum, and Christ's dacent into Hell. St. Jerome, in Epist. ad Ephes., Works, vii. (i) 613, holds that Hades is literally in inferiori parte teme.' St. Chrysostom discourages subtle questions about the precise site of Hell ; as for himself, he is inclined to suppose that it is somewhere out of this toorla"—Te 7r0V, (;)S ty(tryE ofuat, To0 Koaftou Totirou 7rav-r6s (Epist. aa Rom. Homil. xxxi. [Works, ed. Bened. vol. ix. 82S]). On the general subject, besides the works which we have referred to, passim, in this article (especially Bottcher's work [of which, Tract. ii. cap. e., from page 64 to tot, is very valuable], where a mass of authors is adduced, and Abp. Ussher's treatise, which is also of great use to the student), we may mention the art. infer/ in Hoff mann's Lexicon, vol. ii. p. 625 ; Glider's articles Hades, Hell, Gehenna (in Herzog's Real Encyclop.); Delitzsch, Comment. fiber d. Psalter-, i. 123-126 ; Keil and Delitzsch, Bibl. Commentar, 187 ; Thrupp, Psalms, vol. i. pp. to-1 I2 ; Bp. IIor
sley, Psalms, pp. 199, zoo ; Calmet, Dict. [by Mansi], s, v. Infernus ; Comment. [also by Mansi], vol. v. pp. 133-144, containing a treatise called, Dissert. de natirra Anima et tyfis post mortem steam Conclusion. —We have purposely abstained from discussing all points which fall under controversial theology as unsuitable to this work, such as the subject of the eternity of hell-punishment. In one sense, indeed, NVC must predicate a //mit of such punishment. In Rev. xx. 13, lit, it is certainly intimated that Hades, as the companion of Death, has an agency [the best commentators supposing a personification of the infernal powers in this pas sage, see Alford, Meyer, De Wette] which will cease at a given time ; but as this surrender of a special function, which was obviously temporal from the first, is admitted on all hands, the polemi cal question is untouched by our admission. The /ally?? ro0 rvpos of these verses is probably equi valent to 71epirct in its permanent character, of which we have treated. Our Lord predicates of i) 71eirva the strong attribute of rd 7riip rd. dcri3ecrrov, Mark ix. 43-48 ; this attribute gives consistency to the grand statement of St. John in the passage of the Apocalypse which we have just considered.— P. H.