3. rilv*vil, chalzozerah. This was the straight trumpet, different from the shophar, which was more or less bent like a horn. There has been various speculation on the name ; but we are dis posed to assent to the conclusion of Gesenius, that it is an onomatopoetic word, imitating the broken pulse-like sound of the trumpet, like the Latin taralanlara, which this word would more resemble if pronounced as in Arabic, hadliclerah. Among the Israelites these trumpets were a divine regula tion, Moses having been expressly directed how to make them (Num. x. 2). They were of pure beaten silver, but the particular form does not appear in Scripture. The words nimriz, with chatzolzeroth and voice of the shop/tar' (Ps. xcviii. 6), brings together names which most translators confound under that of trumpet,' and obliges them for once, at least, to draw a distinc tion between the two. The A. V. here has with trumpets and the sound of the cornet,' which clearly intimates that the translator considered the shophar a kind of horn, though usually called a trumpet. The Sept. draws the distinction very Aarais, cal cbtavij ociXirry-yos KEparivns, ' with ductile trumpets, and the sound of horn-trumpets,' which is closely copied by the Vulgate, in tubis ductilibus, et vote tuke cornea:.' The idea conveyed of the chalzolzerah in these trans lations is, that these trumpets were of wrought or ductile silver, and drawn out in length ; with this some combine a reference to the signification of the word mikshah, applied to these trumpets in the original description in Num. x. 2, which they understand to mean turned' or rounded,' and hence infer that they were not merely drawn out in length but turned back upon themselves like a trombone. Some German writers, indeed, directly call the instrument a trombone, as De Wette, who, in his translation of the Psalms, renders the line under notice Mit trompeten, mit posaunen-klang,' that is, with trumpets, with trombone-sound.' And Pfeiffer, pressing upon this signification, gives the figure of an Oriental instrument of this kind called the sumara, as a possible representative of the chalzolzerah. We assign little weight to all this. It seems clear that these instruments were long trumpets of solid wrought silver ; and as it appears that these are the only musical instruments undoubted representations of which are preserved, there ought to be no question on the subject. These silver trumpets are figured on the arch of Titus, among the other spoils of the Jewish Temple (Fig. 5, No. 388), and they correspond with the descrip tion which Josephus, who, as a priest, could not in this matter be mistaken, has given : Moses,' he says, 'invented a kind of trumpet of silver ; in length it was little less than a cubit, and it was somewhat thicker than a pipe ; its opening was oblong, so as to permit blowing on it with the mouth ; at the lower end it had the form of a bell, like the horn,' adXa:r (Antiq. iii. 12). Moses was commanded to make only two of these trum pets, because there were then but two priests, the two sons of Aaron. Afterwards far more of them were made ; and Josephus ventures to say that Solomon made 200,000 of them, according to the command of Moses (Antiq. viii. 3). When, how ever, riches departed from Palestine, trumpets of baser metal were used (2 Kings xii. 13), although probably a certain number of silver were still pre served. They were used in calling the congrega tion together for sacrifices, and in battle (Hos. v. 8). The tone of this trumpet, or rather the noise made by blowing on it, was very variable, and is distinguished by different terms in Scripture.
4. *, jobei. There has been much speculation concerning this term, which the reader may find in ample abundance in Bochart (Hieraz. i. 436). It seems now to be agreed that the word does not denote a separate instrument, but is an epithet applied to the trumpets with which the jubilees were proclaimed, i. e., the jubike-trumpet ;' and as the same trumpets were used for signals and alarms, the alarm-trumpet, the alarm-horn.' This name for the sound of music is supposed to be derived from Jubal, the inventor of instruments of music.
Wind instruments of softer sound next require attention. The first and principal of these is the 5. S‘Srs, chair?, the meaning of which is bored through, and denotes a pipe, perforated and fur nished with holes. The Sept. always renders it by nabs, a pipe or flute. There are but five places where it occurs in the O. T. (I Sam. x. 5; 1 Kings i. 40 ; Is. v. 12 ; xxx. 29 ; Jer. xlviii. 36); but the Greek abXis occurs in the N. T. (Matt. ix. 23), and in the Apocryphal books (1 Maccab. iv. 54; ix. 39 ; Judith iii. 7). It would seem to have come rather late into use among the Hebrews, and pro bably had a foreign origin. The passages to which we have referred will indicate the use of this in strument or class of instruments ; but of the form we can only guess by reference to those of the an cient Egyptians, which are very similar to those still in use in Western Asia. The pipe is, how ever, rarely introduced in the Egyptian sculptures, and does not seem to have been held in much esti mation. The principal are the single and double pipes. The single pipe of the Greeks is allowed to have been introduced from Egypt (J. Pollux, Own:. iv. to ; Athenmus, Deipnos. iv.), from which the Jews probably had theirs. It was a straight tube, without any increase at the mouth, and when played was held with both hands. It was usually of moderate length, about eighteen inches, but occasionally less, and sometimes so ex ceedingly long and the holes so low that the player was obliged to extend his arms to the utmost. Some had three holes, others four, and actual specimens made of common reed have been found (Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, ii. 309).
The double pipe was formed with two of such tubes, of equal or unequal lengths, having a com mon mouth-piece, and each played with the corre sponding hand. They were distinguished as the right and left pipes, and the latter, having but few holes, and emitting a deep sound, served as a bass ; the other had more holes and gave a sharp sound (Plin. Hist. Nat. xvi. 36). This pipe is still used in Palestine. The Scottish missionary deputation overtook, among the hills of Judah, an Arab playing with all his might upon a shepherd's pipe, made of two reeds. This was the first time we had seen any marks of joy in the land' (Narrative, p. 118).
From the references which have been given, it will be seen that the pipe was, among the Jews, chiefly consecrated to joy and pleasure. So much was this the case, that in the time of Judas Mac cabmus the Jews complained that joy was taken from Jacob, and the pipe with the harp (Ktedpa) ceased' (1 Maccab. iii. 45). It was particularly used to enliven the periodical journeys to Jeru salem to attend the great festivals (Is. xxx. 29); and this custom of accompanying travelling in companies with music is common in the East at this day (Harmer, Observatt. ii. 197 ; to which add Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, iii. 189). Athenseus (iv. 174) tells us of a plaintive pipe which was in use among the Phoenicians. This serves to illustrate Matt. ix. 23, where our Saviour, finding the flute-players with the dead daughter of the ruler, orders them away, because the damsel was not dead, and in this we also recognise the regulation of the Jews, that every one, however poor he might be, should have at least two pipes (D*ro at the death of his wife (Lightfoot, Hor.
Hebr. ad Matt. ix. 23). [MOURNING.] 6. Nl:1'ei1Vh, mishrokitha. This word occurs four times in Daniel (chap. iii. 5, 7, so, 15), but nowhere else, and appears to be the name for the flute with two reeds, of which we have already spoken. If that double pipe be not comprehended under the Hebrew chair'', then we may consider that we have it here. The Sept. and Theodotion render it by o-tiptye, syrinx, which is the name of the Pandaean pipe. This would imply that it had at least more than one reed ; and if it really denotes the Pandwan pipe itself, the word is to be regarded as the Chaldman name of the instrument called by the Hebrews 2113.), ugab, which was undoubtedly the syrinx. This is the more probable from the fact that the Hebrew translator actually renders mishrokitha by ugab.