Through the whole of the post-exilian period,' says Winer (Realw., s. v. Juden), the religio-poli tical character of the Jews remained the sante as that which the Israelites had gradually assumed during the exile ; it unmistakeably stamped itself on their public and private life, and its develop. ment was sustained even by the trials through which the people passcd. That great calamity had confirmed what all the better prophets had so often foretold, that unfaithfulness to Jehovah, and defec tion from the law of their fathers, would bring the people to their fall. Shame and repentance, conse quently, seized the Israelites, now fully roused to reflection ; and zeal for the law and religion be came the general watchword. As happens, how ever, usually with the mass, this zeal attached itself chiefly to the outward and visible, degenerated into a painful regard to the letter ; coxcombry was allied to rude particularism. The understand ing, cultivated by the synagogue worship, which was directed for the most part to instruction, olr tained the preponderance over feeling and living intuition ; tradition almost wholly suppressed the written law ; and work-holiness began to be held for virtue. With all this there nevertheless crcpt in a foreign element, not only in manners and general culture, but even in belief. The greater their zeal, the more eagerly did they seize upon Chaldaic dogmas, which could bc fastened on to Mosaism, or only seemcd to be explanatory, of it ; and though over against the Greek philosophy a Jewish learning was formed, which united the foreign with the native by means of allegorical terpretation, and set forth the Scriptures as the source of all the wisdom of the world, there yet irn peiceptibly crept into the mind strange beliefs, and foreign speculation cast the simple religion of their fathers into the shade. Agriculture ceased to be the main source of wealth for the nation, partly be cause this no longer was adapted to the increased population, partly because the Israelites had dur ing the Captivity acquired a taste for traffic, and found in the sItuation of their recovered father land, and in the extension of general intercourse among the nations, a stimulus to mercantile pur suits. There thus arose among the mass of the
post-exilian Israelites the same tendency essentially ,which may be seen in the dispersed Jews of the present clay, only now in a more marked form and exacerbated by the loss of country (comp. Neander, G.,I. 1. 47 [E. T., I. 47, IT.] ; J. W. N. Roringer, de mutati Ilebr. invnii post 2vdit. e Captiv. Babylon. nn`ione et causis, Leicl. 1820 ; De Wette Bibl. Theol., sec. 64, ff. ; Sittenlehre, II. 69, ff.;' In Jost's Geschichte d. yudenthums, 3 vols. Svc:, Leipz. 1857-59, is to be found the fullest and best account of Judaism as a system of national and speculative development (comp. Zunz, Gottesdienst/. Vortrlige der yuden, Berl. 832 ; also Steinschneicler, yewish Literatnre from the Sth to Me 18th centztty, Loncl. 1857 ; and the articles ALEXANDRIA ; EDU CATION ; HAPHTHARA ; KABBALA ; SYNAGOGUE ; TALMUD ; and the articles on Jewish writers in this work).
From 41:1;14 are formcd ro-nro, a yewess,to which corresponds the N. T. lovaairc which is used not only of Eunice, the mother of Timothy, who was undoubtedly of Hebrew descent (Acts xvi. 1, comp. 2 Tim. iii. 13), but also of Drusilla the daughter of Herod Antipas (Acts xxiv. 24) ; 2e-zois/z (used adverbially of the Hcbrew language, Is. xxxvi. 13, where the Sept. has 'Iouocao-7-1), tu which corresponds the N. T. loakia-Os (applied to the myths and legends of thc Rabbis, Tit. i. 14) and 'IouSaras (used by the apostle of the manner of life peculiar to the Jews, Gal. ii. i4); and irrrn the Hithpael of 171',, to Yudaize or live as a Yew (Esth. viii. 17 ; Sept. qoubdiTov ; cf. Plut., V. Cie. c. 7), answering to the N. T. 'IouScoTetv (Gal. ii. 141, the counterpart of 'EXMliqe-tv. The apostle also uses 'IouSairrads to describe the religious sys tem and usages of the Jews (Gal. i. 13, 14). This word occurs also in 2 Maccab. ii. 21; VIII. I ; xiv. 38; where it is in tacit antithesis to ciANoOtAto-,abs, or gXXvirakcos (2 Maccab. iv. 13 ; comp. vi. — W. L. A.