7 ; xii. 14; Esther i. 5, 16; Job xxvi. 12 ; Ps. lxxiii. 2 ; cxxxix. 6 ; cxlv. 6 ; Prov. 27 ; xiii. 20; Xix. 16; XXiii. 5, 26; xxxi. 27 ; Eccl. ix. 4 ; Is. xxxvii. 3o ; Jer. ii. 25 ; viii. 6 ; ix. 7; xv. 4 ; xvii. 23 ; xxiv. 9 ; xxix. IS, 23 ; xxxii. 23 ; xlii. 20 ; 1. 15 ; Ezek. xxxvi. ; xl. 15 ; xlii. 16 ; 15, 16 ; Dan. iv. 9 ; v. 7, 16 (twice), 29).-e. Errors arising from the small letter being dropt before the pronominal 1 frorn plural nouns, and making them to be singular, of which there are a hundred and thirteen instances (Gen. xxxiii. 4 ; Exod. xxvii. 11 ; xxviii. 28 ; xxxii. 19 ; xxxix. 4, 33 ; Lev. ix. 22 ; XVi. 21; Num. xii. 3 ; Dent. ii. 33 ; vii. 9 ; yiii. 2 ; xxvii. 10 ; xxxiii. 9 ; Josh. iii. 4 ; viii. r ; xvi. 3 ; Ruth iii. 14 ; Sam. ii. 9, ro (twice) ; 18 ; Viii. 3 ; X. 21 ; XXII. 13 ; xxiii. 5; xxvt. 7 (twice), 1, ; xxix. 5 (twice); xxx. 6 ; Sam.
11; ii. 23 ; 12 ; xii. 9, 20 ; Xiii. 34 ; xvi. 8 ; xviii. 7, 18 ; xix. 19 ; xx. 8 ; xxiii. 9, II ; xxiv. 141 22 ; r Kings v. 17 ; x. 5 ; xviii. 42 ; 2 Kings iv. 34 ; v. 9 ; xi. IS ; Ezra iv. 7 ; Job ix. 13 ; 5 ; xv. 15; xx. It ; xxi. zo; xxiv. 1; xxvi. 14 ; xxxi. 2o; xxxvii. 12; xxxviii. 41 ; xxxix. 26, 3o; xl. 17 ; Ps. x. 5 ; xxiv. 6 ; lviii. 8 ; cvi. 45 ; cxlvii.
19 ; cxlviii. 2 ; Prov. vi. 13 (twice); xxii. 24 ; xxvi. 24 ; IS. EL 5 ; Ivi. to ; Jer. xv. 8 ; xvii. ro, 11 ; xxii. 4 ; xxxii. 4 ; 33 ; Lain. iii. 22, 32, 39 ; Ezek. iii. 20 ; XVii. 21; XViii. 23, 24 ; Xxxi. 5; xxxiii. 13, 16 ; xxxvii. 16 (twice), 19 ; xl. 6, 22 (twice), 26 ; I (thrice), 26 ; xliv. 5 ; xlvii.
; Dan. xi. ro ; Amos ix. 6 ; Obad. v. ; flab. iii. 141 ; as well as from the insertion of 4 before the pronominal 1 and before the pro nominal I in singular nouns, and making them plural ; the Keri exhibits seven instances of the former (1 Kings xvi. 26 ; Ps. cv. 18, 28 ; Prov.
xvi. 27 ; xxi. 29 ; Eccl. iv. 17 ; Dan. ix. 12) and eight of the latter in the word 111 (Judg. xiii. 17 ; Kings viii. 26 ; xxii. 13; Ps. cxix. 147, 161; Jer. xv. 16 (twice); Ezra x. r2).-f. Errors of a grammatical nature, arising from dropping the article n, where it ought to be, of which the Ken* exhibits fourteen instances (I Sam. xiv. 32 ; 2 Sam. xxiii. 9 ; Kings iv. 7 ; VI 20 ; xv. z 8 ; 2 Kings xi. 20 ; XV. 25 ; IS. XXXii. 15 ; Jer. x. 13 ; xvii. ; xl. 3 ; lii. 32 ; Lam. i. IS ; Ezek. xviii. 2o), or from the insertion of it where it ought not to be, of which there are ten instances (I Sam. xxvi. 12 ; Kings x.xi. 8 ; 2 Kings vii. 12, 13 ; XV. 25 ; Eccl. vi. ro; x. 3, 20 ; IS. XXiX. II ; Jer. xxxviii. II) ; or from the dropping of the after -1;/], or writing tin instead of NM when used as feminines or any other letter.-g. Errors arising from the wrong division of words, e.g., the first word having a letter which belongs to the second, exhibited by the Xeri in three instances, and stated in theMassorah on 2 Sall]. V. 2 (2 V. 2 ; Joh. xxxviii. 12 ; Lain.
iv. 16), or the second word having a letter which belongs to the first, of which there are two in stances (I Sam. xxi. 12 ; Ezra iv. 12) ; or one word being divided into two separate words, of which the Massorah on 2 Chron. xxxiv. mentions eight instances ( Judg. xvi. 25; I Sam. ix. ; xxiv. 8 ; Kings xviii. 5 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv. 6 ; Is.
ix. 6 ; Lam. i. 6 ; iv. 3), or two separate words being written as one, exhibited by the Kerlin fifteen instances (Gen. xxx. 11; Exod. iv. 2 ; Deut. xxxiii. 2 ; Chron. ix. 4 ; xxvii. 12 ; Neh. 23 ; Job xxxviii. 1; xl. 6 ; Ps. x. ro ; lv. 16 ; cxxiii. 4 ; Is. iii. 15 ; Jer. vi. 29 ; xviii. 3 ; Ezek. viii. 6).-h. Exegetical Keris or marginal readings which substi tute euphemisms for the cacaphonous terms used in the text, in accordance with the injunction of the ancient sages, that all the verses wherein indecent expressions occur are to be replaced by decent words, e.g., ri&c.,, by runnty, [of which the Keri
exhibits four instances, viz., Dent. xxviii. 30 ; Is.
xiii. 16; Jer. iii. 2 ; Zech. xiv. 21, C+Iny by to-nnu [of which the Keri exhibits six instances, viz., Deut. xxviii. 27 ; r Sam. v. 6, 9 ; vi. 4, 5, 17; omitting, however, I Sam. v. 12]; 134V111 by nrn [of which the Keri exhibits one in stances, ViZ., 2 Kings vi. 25]; 1:;-Pnin by cnNiv [of which the Keri exhibits two instances, 2 Kimrs xviii. 27 ; Is. xxxvi. 12] ; 'Inn by .1A nn,9)-1 [of which the Keri exhibits two instances, 2 Kings xviii. 27 ; Is. xxxvi. 121; rntroin by nlz.tvin [of which there is one instance, 2 Kings x. 27, comp. 111egilla 25, b].' The manner in which this general class of various readings is indicated is as follows : The variations specifie'd under a and b, not affecting the vowel points, are simply indicated by a small circle or asterisk placed over the word in the text (ni:), which directs to the marginal reading (i-ip), where the emendation is given, as for instance the Kethiv in Exod. xxi. 8 is in I Sam. xx. 24 t,i), and in Prov. xxi. 29 i4]4, and the marginal gloss remarks 7)1'2', the 'p being an abbreviation for iv. In the variations specified under c and d, where the different letters of the Kethiv and the Keri require different vowel points, the abnormal textual reading, or the Kethiv, has not only the small circle or asterisk, but also takes the vowel points which belong to the normal marginal read ing, or the Keri e.g., the appropriate pointing of the textual reaCling, or the Keithly in 2 Kings xvii. 21 is Win, but it is pointed N11'1, because these vowel signs belong to the marainal reading, or the Keri T111, which it is intended should accompany the vowel points in the text. The same is the case with the textual reading in 2 Sam. xiv. 3o, which, according to the marginal reading, exhibits a transposition of letters, and which can hardly be pronounced with its textual points n;rivni, be cause these vowel-signs belong to the Keri Whilst in the variations specified under e, f, g, and h, wbicb involve an addition or diminution of letters, and which have therefore either more or fewer letters than are required by the vowel-points of the Keri, a vowel sign is sometimes given with out any letter at all, or two vowel signs have to be attached to one letter, and sometimes a letter has to be without any vowel sign ; the variation itself being either indicated in the =rain. by the exhibi tion of the entire word which' constitutes the different reading, or by the simple remark that such and such a letter is wanting, or is redundant. Thus, for instance, Lam. v. 7, which, according to the Massorah, exhibits two of the twelve instances where the 1 conjunctive has been dropped from the beginning of words (comp. also 2 Kings iv. 7; Job ii. 7 ; Prov. xxiii. 24 ; xxvii. 24 ; Is. lv. 13 ; Lam. ii. 2 ; iV. 16 ; V. j, 5 ; Dan. ii. 43), the textual reading or the Kethiv is !Iri:N.° Im,K°, and the mar ginal reading or the Keri 12.1'N1, 'p iriu.o, the vowel sign of the conjunction from the margin is inserted in the text under the little circle, and con sequently has no letter at all ; in Jer. xlii. 6, again, where the textual reading is 17N, and the marginal reading 1.1111N, and the Kelhiv, which has only three letters, takes the vowel signs of the Keri, which has five letters, it is pointed 1.1N, with two different vowel points attached to the one 1; whilst in 2 Kings vii. 15, where the reverse is the case, the marginal reading having fewer letters, and hence fewer vowels than the textual reading, which takes the vowel signs of the former, the Keithly is pointed mtnrrim, and the has no vowel sign at all.