OF DESOLATION.] The grove of Daphne was not far from Antioch (Ackbvn i7 Os 'Avrt6x€cav, 2 Maccab. iv. 33 ; Joseph. Bell. yied. i. 12. 15), and at this city Anti ochus Epiphanes erected a temple for the worship of Jupiter Capitolinus [DAPHNE]. It is described by Livy as having its walls entirely adorned with gold (xli. 20). To Jupiter Capitolinus the Jews, after the taking of Jerusalem, in whatever country they might be, were compelled by Vespasian to pay two drachmx [DRAcHm], as they used to pay to the temple at Jerusalem (Joseph. Bell. Yzed. vii. 6. 6; Dion Cass. lxvi. 7). Hadrian, after the second revolt of the Jews, erected a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus in the place where the temple of God formerly stood (Dion Cass. lxix. 12). There is, probably, reference made to Jupiter Capitolinus in Dan. xi. 38, alluding to Antiochus Epiphanes. But in his estate shall he worship the god of forces ' (fortresses, cmin 4;15, cf. Gesen. s. rivn, p. tor t), for under this name Jupiter was worshipped by the victorious general on his return from a campaign, and it was in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus that he celebrated his triumph. Other conjectures have been made relative to this pas ' sage but the opinion of Gesenius seems most prob'able. Plauzzr M.] In the passage from 2 Maccab. above quoted a temple was also ordered to be set up to Zeus Xenius on Mount Gerizim. Josephus gives a different account. He relates that the Samaritans, who, when it pleased them, denied that they were of the kindred of the Jews, wrote to Antiochus the god (0e6s on coins) Epiphanes, begging him to allow the temple on Mount Gerizim, which had no name (bcvcluthaov Ispdv; cf. Ye worship ye know not what,' John iv. 22), to be called the temple of Jupiter Hellenius (Antiq. xii. 5. 5). This petition is said to have been granted. The epithet ,Vvios is given to Zeus as the supporter of hospitality and the friend of strangers (Plutarch, ilmator. 20 ; Xen. Anab. iii. 2. 4 ; Virg. ...E/z. i. 735, etc.), and it is explained in 2 Maccab. by the clause as they did desire (A. V.. sabees er4xapor.,, as they were ; prom' erant hi, Vul'g. [as they were]) who dwelt in the place.' Ewald supposes that Jupiter was so called on account of the hospitable disposition of the Samaritans (G'eschichte, iv. p. 339, note), whilst Jahn suggests that it was because the Samaritans in their letter to Antiochus Epiphanes said that they were strangers in that country (Ifebnw Commonwealth, vol. i. p. 319). Grotius says because the dwellers
of the place were pilgrims from the regions of Mysia and Mesopotamia, specially referring to their idolatrous practices (2 Kings xvii. 24, sq.) The appearance of the gods upon earth was very commonly believed among the ancients. Accord ingly we find that Jupiter and Mercury are said to have wandered in Phrygia, and to have been enter tained by Baucis and Philemon (0v. Met. viii. 61 r, ) Hence the people of Lycaonia, as recorded in the Acts (xiv. 11), cried out 'The gods have come down to us in the likeness of men; and they called Barnabas, Jupiter, and Paul, Mercurius, be cause he was the chief speaker.' Barnabas was probably identified with Jupiter, not only because Jupiter and Mercury were companions (0v. Ars/.
v. 495), but because his personal appearance was majestic (Chrysostom, Hom. xxx.; Alford, Acts xiv. 12). Paul was identified with Mercury as the speaker, for this god was the god of eloquence (Horat. lib. od. x. 5, etc.) [MERcuRrus]. The temple of Jupiter at Lystra appears to have been outside the gates (-;o0 Adds Tor, 6Pros 7rpo Tt45 76XEWS, Acts xiv. 13), as was frequently the custom (Strab. xiv. 4 ; Herod, i. 26), and the priest being summoned, oxen and garlands were brought, in order to do sacrifice with the people to Paul and Barnabas, who, filled with horror, restrained the people with great difficulty. It is well known that oxen were wont to be sacrificed to Jupiter (//. 402 ; Virg. "En. iii. 21 ; iX. 627 ; CyrOP. vii. 3, r r, etc.) The word Et'u5la (fair or fine weather) is derived from and Ala. Jupiter, as lord of heaven, had power over all the changes of the weather. The Latins even used his name to signify the air—sub Dio (Hor. lib. od. iii. 23), sub Jove frigido (Hor. lib. i. od. i. 25, etc.; comp. the image which fell down from Jupiter,' A.V.; sat Tor, Scoreras, Acts xix. 35). The word cala occurs in Matt. xvi. 2, and in Ecclus. 15. (For a full account of Jupiter and Zeus, see Smith's Diet. of Biography, s. vv. ; and for a list of the epithets applied to this god, see Rawlinson, Herod. vol. i., appendix, p. 6So.)—F. W. M.