xxiii. 31), and have been already considered. The exact phrase, Land of Promise,' is not found in the O. T., and only once in the N. (Heb. xi. yfl rijs. bray-yalas), but some analogous expression is often used by the sacred writers ; thus in Num. xxxii. The land which I sware unto Abraham' (cf. Deut. xxxiv. 1-4 ; Gen. 1. 24 ; Ezek. xx. 42 ; Acts vii. 5). Such appellations were used when the object of the writer was to direct the people's attention to the Abrahamic covenant, either to its certainty or to its fulfilment. It is now frequently employed by writers on Palestine, who give special attention to prophecy (for a good account of it, see Reland, 18, seg.) 4. The Land of 7.. kovah. —This name is only found in Hosea ix. 3; They shall not dwell in Je hovah's land.' All the countries of the earth are the Lord's ; but it appears, as Reland states (Pal., p. 16), that in some peculiar way Palestine was es pecially God's land. Thus an express command was given, The land shall not be sold for ever ; for the land is mine' (Lev. xxv. 23) ; and the Psalmist says, Lord, thou hast been favourable unto thy land' (lxxxv. 1); and still more emphatic are the words of Isaiah, The stretching out of his wings shall fill the breadth of thy land, 0 Imma nuel' (viii. 8 ; cf. Joel i. 6 ; iii. 2 ; Jer. xvi. 18). The object of these and many similar expressions was to show that Jehovah claimed the sole disposal of Palestine. He reserved it for special and holy I purposes ; and he intended in all time to come to dispose of it, whether miraculously or providen tially, for carrying out those purposes, either by the agency of the Jews or of others. It was the only land in which the Lord personally and visibly dwelt ; first in the Shekinah glory, and again in the person of Jesus. For this land, the Lord always demanded both a special acknowledgment of lordship, and certain stipulated returns to him, as tithes and first-fruits (Reland, pp. 16, 17).
5. Land of Israel in N. T. 77") 'lo-pa0). By this name Palestine was distinguished from all the other countries of the earth. It began to be used after the establishment of the monarchy. It occurs first in I Sam. xiii. 19, and is occasionally used in the later books (2 Kings v. 2 ; Vi. 23) ; but Ezekiel employs it more frequently than all the sacred writers together ; the reason probably being that he compares Palestine with other coun tries more frequently than any other writer. St. Matthew, in relating the story of the infant Saviour's return from Egypt, uses the name ; He arose, and took the young child and his mother, and came into the Land of Israel' (ii. Zr). The name is found in the Apocryphal books (Tobit i. 4) ; in Josephus, who also uses 'Land of the Hebrews' cE(3patcov xtb pa); and in some of the early Chris tian fathers (Reland, p. 9). The name is essen
tially Jewish ; it was familiar to the Rabbins, but, in a great measure, unknown to classic writers. It is only applied in the Bible to the country which was actually occupied by the Israelites ; and so it was understood by the Rabbins, who divided the whole world into two parts, The land of Israel,' and the land out of Israel' (Reland, 9).
6. The Land iryci). —This name is given to Palestine emphatically, by way of distinction, as we call the Word of God the Bible. Thus in Ruth (i. 1), 'There was a famine in the land (rn) ; and in Jer. xii. I r, The whole land is made desolate' (1. 34) ; and so also in Luke's Gospel, When great famine was throughout all time land' (v. 25); and in Matt. xxvii. 45, Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the 'land unto the ninth hour.' This also was a strictly Jewish name (Reland, 28, seq.) 7. 7udea or yua'cca.—The use of this name in the Bible and by classic writers requires to be care fully noted. At first, its Hebrew equivalent, ynt.; nivr, was confined to the possessions of the tribe of Judah (2 Chron. ix. t t). After the captivity of the Northern Kingdom, the name Judah' became identified with the Jewish nation ; and hence, during the second captivity, Tv, .7ulcsa, was applied to all Palestine, and to all the Israelites. In the same sense, it was employed in Josephus, in the N. T., and in classic writers : and it was even made to include the region east of the Jordan. In other cases, we find it given as the special name of a province of southern Palestine. For fuller infor mation, see the article JUDZEA.
S. Holy Land (vjipp ; i1 yTl i7 ; Terra Sancta). Next to Palestine, this is now the most familiar name of the country. Zechariah is the first who mentions it, The Lord shall inherit Judah, his portion of the Holy Land' (ii. 12). The Rabbins constantly use it, and they have detailed, with great minuteness, the constituents of its sanc tity. They did not regard it as all equally holy.
Judxa ranked first; after it, the Northern Kingdom ; and last of all, the territory beyond Jordan (Reland, 26, seq.) The very dust, and stones, and air of the land, are still considered holy by the poor Jews (Reland, 25). The early Christian writers call it Terra Sancta (Justin Martyr, T7yphon; Tertullian, .De Resurrections; cf. Reland, p. 23). During the middle ages, and especially in the time of the Cru sades, this name became so common as almost to supersede all others. In the present day, it is adopted, along with Palestine, as a geographical term. It was originally, and is now, applied only to the land allotted to the twelve tribes ; and some Christian writers appear to confine it to the section west of the Jordan. More usually, however, it is employed in the same sense as Palestine (Reland, pp. 2 I -28).