i ii. p. z65). The Syriac translator also understood r the passage in this way : ' enixi sumus ut like gum ventos parinnt.' 4. The east wind, onfrr111, livcaos p6ros, &egos kainrcov, rdros, ventus urens, spiritus vehemens, ventus mister. onp, Ka60-wp, ardor, restus, ventus urens. Both forms denote the natural phenomenon (Gen. xli. 6, 23 ; Job xxxviii. 24 ; Ps. xlviii. 7 ; lxxviii. 26 ; Jonah iv. 8). Con siderable indefiniteness attends the use of these ' words. Dr. Shaw remarks, that every wind is I called by the Orientals alp, an east wind, which blows from any point of the compass between the east and north, and between the east and. south r (Travels, p. 285). Accordingly the Sept. often understands this word to mean the south, as in 1 Exod. x. 13 ; xiv. 21 (see Bochart, Hzerozoicon, pt. ii. lib. i. cap. 15). If thc east wind happens to blow a few days in Palestine during the months of May, June, July, and August, it occasions great destruction to the vines and harvests on the land, I and also to the vessels at sea on the Mediterranean ! (Hos. xiii. 15 ; Jonah iv. 8 ; Job xiv. 2; xv. 2 ; IS. xl. 7 ; Gen. xli. 6, 23 ; Ezelc. xvii. to ; xix. 12 ; XXVii. 26 ; Ps. xlviii. 7 ; ciii. 5). In Jonah iv. 8, the phrase occurs, lin ntrnri wip, a still or sultry east wind. For testimonies to the destruc tiveness of this wind in Egypt and Arabia, see Niebuhr (Beschreib. V071 Arabien, p. 8) ; Thevenot (Voyages, pt. i. liv. ii. c. 34). It is accordingly I often used to denote any pernicious wind, as in Ps. xlviii. 7, where it is rendered by Sept. rve0p.a pialov, Vulg. spiritus vehemens. it is used meta , phorically for pernicious speech, a storm of words (Job xv. 2) ; calamities, especially by war (Is. xxvii. 8 ; Jer. xviii. 17 ; Ezek. xvii. to ; XIX. 12; XxVii. 26 ; Hos. xiii. 15). In this latter passage the east wind denotes Shalmaneser king of Assyria ; in Ezek. xxvii. 26, it denotes the Chaldzeans. Tyre is there represented under the beautiful alle gory of a ship towed into deep waters, and then destroyed by an east wind. A very similar repre sentation is given by Horace (Carm. i. 14). The east wind denotes divine judgment (Job xxvii. 21). Phrases.—‘ To follow the east wind,' is to pursue a delusory and fatal course (Hos. xii. 1). 5. West wind, DI Mr), &Elms ara OaNdcrans, ventus ab occidente (WEsT]. 6. North wind, ;Inv rm (Prole. xxv. 23), fivei.tos popeas, ventus Aquilo [NoRTH]. 7. South wind, L71-11 (Job xxxvii. i7), pri (Ps. Ixxviii. 26), Aft,G, ventus Africus (Luke xii. 55), pbros (Simcco), (Acts xxvii. 13) [SOUTH]. 8. The four winds, rvIrm 3n-1N, 74 riarrapa vv€6/Aara, ol ricaapes bel.tot, quatuor vend. The Hebrews speak only of four winds ; and so Josephus (Antiq. viii. 3. 5). This phrase is equivalent to the four quarters of the world (Ezek. xxxvii. 9 ; 2 Esdras xiii. 5), the several points of the compass, as we should say (Dan. viii. 8). Phrases.—` Striving of the four winds,' is great political commotions (Dan. vii. 2 ; COmp. Jer. iv. II, 12; li. 1) ; to 'hold the four winds,' is by contrary to secure race (Rev. vii. 1) ; ' to be divided to the four wmdt,' implies utter dispersion (Dan. xi. 4 ; Jer. xlix. 32; Ezek. v. JO, 12 ; xvii. 2). So also the phrase, iK rejl, reaacipcop avi,uwv (Matt. xxiv. 3 t) means from all parts of the world (Mark xiii. 27). 9. The Hebrews, like other ancient nations, had but few names of winds. Homer mentions only- flopeas, vbros, riOupos, and apos. Aul. Gellius, indeed, complains of the in frequency of names of winds in ancient writers (Noct. Att. 22). The same indefiniteness ap
pears in Herodotus (see Larcher's notes on i. i88). In the course of time the Greeks and Roman added eight other winds to the original four, but that appearing too minute a division, they reduced the additional ones to four, thus making only eight in all. The names of these may be seen in Larcher (ut supra), or Pliny (Hist. Nat. >Aria 34). Further infonnation may be found in Coray's 7'ranslation ef Hippocrates, De Aeribus, elquis et Loci; Paris rSoo ; Discours PrZliminaire ; and see index. For a comparative table of the English, Latin, and Greek divisions of the winds, and their names, amounting to more than thirty, see Beloe's Hero dotus (Po/pania, notes, vol. iii. p. 293, Lond. 1790. One Greek name of a wind occurs in Acts xxvii. 14, Ei.poKX65cov, Euraelydon, a tempestuous wind in the Mediterranean, now called a Levanter. Tbe Alexandrian MS. has Eipaxtaw ; Vulg.
Euroaqullo; Syriac jr6irlItt The common read ing, EbpoicAt'ultav, seems derived from E5pos, Eurus, 'east wind,' and sk.;Suw, 'a wave,' quasi an eastern tempest. Other MSS. read Eli putrAncov, Eurycly don, from vipers, broad,' and KNO(op, a wave,' or rough wavy sea ; and then the word would mean the winci which peculiarly excites the waves. Shaw defends the common reading, and describes tbe wind as blowing in all directions from the N.E. round by the N. to the S.E. (Travels, p. 33o, etc., 4to ; see Bowyer's conjectures, and Doddridge, in loc.) The Hebrews had no single.terms indicat ing the relative velocity of the air in motion, like our words breeze, gale, etc. Such gradations they expressed by some additional word, as great,' 1191-01111, 'a great wind ' Uonah i. 4), rough,' rivp, etc. Nor have we any single word indicating the destructive effects of the wind, like their verbs 'TO and as MI:DM (Zech. vii. 14, etc.), and answering to the Greek word civel.L60opos (see Sept. of Gen. xli. 6, 23). Our metaphorica/ use of the word storm comes nearest. The phrase rm ;Two, stormy wind,' vvEti/la Karary(Sos, procelltz, occurs in Ps. cvii. 25 ; cxlviii. 8. It is metaphorically used for the divine judgments (Ezek; xiii. 13). The word ;no; is usually translated ' whirlwind ;' it means, however, more properly a storm (2 Kings ii. 1, ; Job xxxviii. ; xl. 6 ; Zech. ix. t4.; Sept. cturaetcriAbs, XaThatir, veepos ; Vulg. turbo; Ecclus. xliii. 17 ; avarpok xveligaros, xlviii. 9 ; Xaacvirt ryas. The Hebrew word is used metaphorically for the divine judgments (Is. xl. 24 ; xli. 16) ; and to describe them as sudden and irresistible (Jet-. xxiii. 19 ; xxv. ; Xxx. 23). ' A whirlwind out of the north' (Ezek. i. 4) de notes the invasion from Babylon. Another word, r1D10, is also translated whirlwind,' and properly so. It occurs in Job xxxvii. 9 ; Is. xxi. 1. It is used as a simile for complete and sudden destruc tion (Prov. i. 27) ; and for the most rapid motion, wheels of war-chariots like a whirlwind' (Is. v. 28 ; Jer. iv. 13). Total defeat is often compared to chaff scattered by a whirlwind' (Is. xvii. 13). It denotes the rapidity and irresistibleness of the divine judgments (Is. lxvi. 5). The phrase 'to reap the whirlwind' denotes useless labour (Hos. viii. 7); the day of the whirlwind,' destruction by war (Amos. i. 14). The Lord hath his way in the whirlwind,' is probably an allusion to Sinai (Nah: i. 3). A beautiful comparison occurs in Prov. x. 25 : As the whirlwind passeth, so is the wicked no more : but the righteous is an everlast ing foundation.'—J. F. D.