from 11', to know, is uniformly render ed in A. V. by Wizard,' akin to wise' and to the German verb wissen' (old Gelman I Vizan), to know. [LXX. in four places, yvoicrrns, a knowing one; Vulg. Ariolus, most frequently.] This Hebrew noun oc curs eleven times, and in every instance is coupled with fIN ; we may thus regard it as indicating a usual concomitant (perhaps of cleverness and dex terity) with ventriloquism : this view is confirmed by the LXX., 47-yaorplkcv-or, as the rendering of in Is. xix. 3, a verse which proves the Egyp tian arts of divination were substantially the same as the Hebrew in that age (comp. Boucher, p. Its, sec. 231 ; and see Rawlinson's note on Herod. ii. 83, in explanation of a seeming discrepancy between the prophet and the historian). In another pas sage of Isaiah [viii. 191 there occurs a good de scription of the C'.?irrr:1, in the two epithets, CrnnYln, expressive of the chirping, piping sounds of young birds ; and ?rinri, applied to the cooing of the dove, in xxxviii. 14. (With the former of these, compare Horace, Sat. i. 8. 40, Loquentes umbra; resonarent triste et acutunz ;' and with the latter, Virgil, "En. iii. 39, Gemitus lacrymabilis imo auditur tumulo.' So in Homer, II. V,. to', the shade of Patroclus departs with what Shakspere, Hamlet, i. r, calls a squeak and gibber,' ke70 Terpryvia. An unexpected illustra tion of these arts may be met with in Capt. Lyons' Private journal, p. 358, where he describes the feats of the Esquirnaux ventriloquist Toolemak of Igloolik. Comp. the curious account of a modern necromancy left us by Benvenuto Cellini ; both of these are narrated in Sir D. Brewster's Letters on Natural Magic, pp. 68-75, and 176-178.) The LXX. version, much more inexact than the Eng lish, renders the 'JIM of Deut. xviii. it by rya rao-x6ros; what the were, which, accord ing to the extravagant belief of the Rabbinical writers, were used by these diviners, are described by Carpzov, Apparatus, 545, where, among others, are adduced the bird Yiddca and the mon ster 5'addua, to account for the origin of our term.
(g.) The last designation used by Moses in the great passage before us, Deut. xviii. so, II, is vrinrr9N [LXX. brepcorCe'v rag pezpobs ; Vulg. Qui queerit a marti's veritatem]. This points to the famous art of Necromancy, the nevpo p.avrela, or (as they preferred to write it) penuonnp seta of the Greeks. This was a divination in which answers were given by the dead. It was some times performed by the magical use of a bone, or vein of a dead body, or by pouring warm blood into a corpse, as if to renew life in it (Lucan, Phar. vi. 750) ; sometimes they used to raise the ghosts of deceased persons by various ceremonies and invocations. Ulysses, in Odyss., book ix., having sacrificed black sheep in a ditch, and poured forth libations, invites the ghosts, especially that of Tir esias, to drink of the blood, after which they be come willing to answer his questions. (Comp. the evocation of the shades of Darius, for counsel, after the defeat at Salamis, in the Persce of .lEschylus, 630-634, x9-6vLoc Saipopes eryvol, IT? re Kai 'Epg, parrrXei, evepwv, rep.IPar' tvEAE es
00,5 K. T. X. This evocation of called I(uxa-yoryla ; the offerings to the dead on this occa sion were mild and unbloody—but Gregory Nazi anzen (in Oral. H. contra Yullan.) speaks also of rile civarcpvopevwv rap)evcov TE Ka2 rracSclisp er2 virgins and boys slaughtered at the evocation of ghosts.' From Is. lxv. 4, it would appear that the ancient Jews increased the sin of their superstition by using unclean offerings on such occasions : They remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments' they spend the night in these adyta] ; such were the favourite haunts of the necromancers they eat swine's flesh ;' an idolatrous practice (comp. Ovid, Fasti, i. 349; Horace, Satir. ii. 3. 164 ; Varro, de Re rust. ii. 4); and broth of abominable things is in their vessels.' (We are reminded of the celebrated witch scenes in Shakspere, Macbeth, i. 3; iii. 5 ; and especially iv. I.) Rosenmiiller, in loc., refers, for a like incantation, to Marco Polo, Travels in the East, iii. 24; and Sir J. F. Davis, in his China [last ed.] ii. 73, mentions certain magic spells prac tised by the Taou sect, with the blood of swine, sheep, dogs, and other impure things.' A curious case of necromancy also occurs in the story of the philosopher Chuang-tsze and his wife, in the same vol., pp. 87, 38. - In the 15th chap. of Sketches of Imposture, etc. [in the Family Library], on Sepul chral and perpetual lamps,' may be found an in teresting account of the reasons which induced the Egyptians to bestow so great attention on their dead ; one of them, quoted from Kircher's Hist. of Egyptian Antim., rests on the opinion, that the souls of the deceased tarry with their bodies in the grave.' This, added to the conception of the more enlarged knowledge of the dead, lay at the founda tion of necromancy. The earliest historical tale of this sort of divination which we recollect, is related by Herodotus concerning Periander of Corinth, and his wife Melissa, whose spirit he consulted for infor mation about a hidden treasure (v. 92). In one of the most interesting dialogues of Lucian, the 'Men ipples,' or 'Necyornankla,' a very good description is given of various necromantic ceremonies. (For an abstract, see Occult Sciences, by Smedley, etc., pp. 183, 135.) In Tertullian's treatise, De Anima, occurs a remarkable passage on necromancy, at the conclusion of which he says, If certain souls have been recalled into their bodies by the power of God as manifest proofs of His prerogative, that is no argument that a similar power should be con ferred on audacious magicians, fallacious dreamers, and licentious poets' (c. 56, 57). We may ob serve, in concluding this subject, that in confining (with Boucher) necromancy proper to the last phrase on Moses' list, we have the au thority of A. V., which limits the word necro mancer (an arras Xe-y6yevov in our Bible) to this phrase. So much for the great passage on divina tion contained in Deut. xviii. io, II. We saw the seven species, comprising that list, were intro duced by the general phrase ap;p.