Galangal (Chinese): Alpinia offleinarum. Alkaline solutions, yellow. Used in Russia for making "Nastoika," a liquor.
Galangal (Javan): Alpinia Galatzga. Alkaline solu tions, yellow.
Gamboge : Gareinia Hanburyi, G. Morella. Red resin. Lakes, yellow.
Garancin : Formerly prepared from madder. Of his toric interest only.
Gentian : Gentiana lutea. Alkaline solutions, yellow.
Goa powder : Vouacapoue Araroba (Andira Araroba) Aguiar. Contains chrysarobin and chrysophanic acid. Yellow.
Golden seal or Canadian yellow root : Hydrastis Cana densis. Yellow basic dye. See Medicinal Plants.
Harmala red : Peganum Harraala. Basic color in soluble in water ; alkaline solutions, red.
Heartsease, or pansy, lady's : Viola tricolor, var. arvensis. Yields quercetin. Yellow.
Hollyhock : Althcea rosea, Melva sylvestris, M. rotun. difolia. Solutions, violet-red. Crimson with acids. Green with alkalies. Alumina lake, violet-blue.
Horse-chestnut : lakes, yellow.
Indian yellow, or piuri, piouri, purree, pnrrea arabica, jaune indien. Prepared in India from the urine of cows fed on mango leaves, and contains yellow coloring matters, free and in form of magnesium or calcium salts.
Indigo : Indigofera Anil and other species. (Fig. SU.) Insoluble in water. Becomes soluble by treatment with sul furic acid, forming sulpho salts. Indigo carmine (blue). Soluble under reduction to indigo white in alkaline solutions containing a reducing agent, such as copperas, zinc dust, glucose, and certain organic ferments, bran being em ployed in wool dyeing. On exposure to air, indigo white is oxidized to indigo. The dyeing process depends on this reaction. Indigo made artificially is very largely used. Indigo was once an important product of South Carolina, "In 1742, George Lucas, governor of Antigua, sent the first seeds of the indigo plant to Carolina, to his daughter, Miss Eliza Lucas (afterwards the mother of Charles Cotes worth Pinckney). With much perseverance, after several disappointments, she succeeded in growing the plant and extracting the indigo from it. Parliament shortly after placed a bounty on the production of indigo in British possessions, and this crop attained a rapid development in Carolina. In 1754, 216,924 pounds and, in 1777, 1,107,660 pounds were produced. But the war with the mother country, the competition of indigo-culture in the East Indies, the unpleasant odor emitted and the swarms of flies attracted by the fermentation of the weeds in the vats, and above all the absorbing interest in the cotton crop, caused the rapid decline of its culture, and in the early part of this century it had ceased to be a staple product, although it was in cultivation in remote places as late as 1848." (From "South Carolina," by Harry Ham
mond.) Jackwood, or jack fruit of Ceylon : Artocarpus integ rifolia. Alumina lake, yellow.
Kamala, or kameela, ramelas, rottlera : Echinus Philippinensis (Rottlera tinctoria). Red powder.
Kermes berries, or portugal berries, poke berries, pigeon berries, scoke berries : Phytolacca Americana (Phytolacca decandra). Reddish.
Kermes, or false kermes berries, grainer de kermes, vermilion vegetal : Coccus ilicis (dried bodies of the female insect). Solutions and lakes, blood red.
Kino : Pterocarpus Marsupium, Butea frondosa, B. superba, and varieties, Eucalyptus corymbosa. Red color.
Lac-dye, or lac-lac : Coccus laccee (from the female insect). Colors similar to cochineal.
Lapacho, or taigu wood : Tecoma Lapacho and allied species. Yellow color.
Lima wood, or Costa Rica redwood : Similar to St. Martha wood. See under Redwoods.
Liquorice : Glycyrrhiza glabra. Brown.
Litmus, or tournesol : Rocella, Lecanora, Variolaria (lichens). Red and blue. Used as an indicator by chemists; acids change the blue to red, and alkalies the red to blue.
Logwood, or Campechy wood, Blauholz : limmatoxylum Campechianum. The unfermented extract forms yellow solutions if neutral, and blue precipitate with calcare ous water. The unfermented solution contains chiefly a glucoside which, on fermentation, yields hmmatoxylin, and the latter is easily oxidized to hmmatein. Various colored lakes are formed. Hmmatoxylin forms rose-red color with alum and a black violet lake with iron alum. Hmmatein forms bluish violet with alkalies ; reddish purple with sodium carbonate ; reddish purple with ammonia ; bluish violet lake with ammoniacal copper sulfate ; violet lake with ammoniacal tin chlorid ; black with ammoniacal iron alum. Logwood and fustic are the principal natural coloring matters not yet replaced by artificial products. They are not used so exclusively as hitherto. Their coloring principles have not yet been made synthetically, and their low price and good qualities keep them important.