Similar observations might be made regarding the widely-dispersed Gujar race, extending from the Panjab to Gujerat, which takes its name from them ; or the great Kol tribes of the Vindhyas; or the Koli of the northern parts of the Bombay Presidency ; or the Meo, the Mhair, the Mina, the Ramusi, the Kollari, the Maravar, or the Baidara (Pindara). In the Animally Hills are a whole series of broken tribes. Hamlets of long haired, wild-looking Puliar, who live on jungle products, mice, or any small animals they can catch, and worship demons ; Mundaver, who shrink from contact with the outside world, and possess no fixed dwellings, but wander over the innermost hills with their cattle, sheltering them selves under little leaf sheds, and seldom remaining in one spot more than a year ; thick-lipped, small bodied Kaders, ' Lords of the Hills,' a remnant of a higher race, who file the front teeth of the upper jaw as a marriage ceremony, live by the chase, and wield some influence over the ruder forest folk.
British Empire of India, its Empress and its Princes.—Since the year 1858, the position of Great Britain has been Imperial. The changes intro duced in the government of British India on the suppression of the mutiny, altered the position of the native princes. Up till that time, many native states had affected an equality with the British Indian Government, as administered by the East India Company, and that assumption had even led to a war with Gwalior in 1843. But the mutiny swept away the last relics of the Dehli Empire, and with them the East India Company's rule, and the princes of India found themselves brought face to face with their sovereign, Queen Victoria. The maharaja of Patiala then sought for the recog nition of himself and his house as an Indian noble of the British empire. Above all rewards for his great services to the empire in those days, he asked for perpetuity for his house and honours, and Sir John Lawrence, Lieutenant-Governor of the Panjab, worked out the chiefs idea into a recog nition of the right of adoption on the failure of natural heirs ; and, after a reference to Her Majesty's Government, the following sunnud or patent of nobility, of 11th March 1862, was framed:—' Her Majesty being desirous that the governments of the several princes and chiefs of India, who now govern their own territories, should be perpetuated, and that the representation and dignity of their houses should be continued : Iu fulfilment of this desire, this sunnud is given to you, to convey to you the assurance that, on failure of natural heirs, the British Government will re cognise and confirm any adoption of a successor made by yourself, or by any future chief of your state, that may be in accordance with Hindu law, and the customs of your race. Be assured that nothing shall disturb the engagement thus made to you, so long as your house is loyal to the crown, and faithful to the conditions of the treaties, grants, or engagements which record its 'obliga tions to the British Government. (Sd.) CANNING.'
The most powerful of these rulers are the nizam of Hyderabad, the maharajas Sindia, Jey pore, Travancore, Jummoo and Kashmir, Jodh pur, Holkar, Patiala, Oodeypur, Bhartpnr, the Gaekwar of Baroda, and the Begum of Bhopal. Some of the princes and nobles are wealthy, as also are many of the great zamindars who hold lands on a permanent settlement, and keep up an almost regal state. Many of them freely aid in schemes for improvement.
Titles.—Asiatics are ceremonious in all the duties of life ; they have been so from the most ancient times, and their rulers have likewise had the custom of displaying standards and of using crests or armorial symbols, such as the thank shell, the peacock, a palanquin, a lamp, a lion, a sunshade, an umbrella ; these were not humble honours, the satrap of the Greeks being the Chatra-pati, lord of the umbrella. Queen Victoria marked the relative rank of the princes of India by an order in Council of the 26th June 1867, regulating the number of guns to be allowed in saluting them.
and seven nobles had personal salutes allowed of 13 to 21 guns.
Timur had as his arms, supposed to re present the three regions over which he ruled. His full titles in the height of his power were Sultan, Kamran, Amir, Kutb-ud-Din, Timur, Kur Khan, Sahib-i-Kuran, meaning sovereign, ruler, noble, polar star of the faith ; Timur, of the lineage of sovereign princes, lord of the grand conjunctions.' Amongst other titles, three of the emperor of China are, Tien-tsze, son of heaven ; also Kwa-jen, the man who stands by himself, and Kwa Kuin, solitary prince. Anak-Agong, son of heaven, is a title of the raja of Lombok.
In 1808, Fattah All Shah, emperor of Persia, instituted the order of the Lion and Sun, Sher-u Khurshid, to decorate foreign envoys who had rendered services to his government, and it is now given to Persian subjects. In the treaty of peace with Persia of 4th March 1857, the emperor is styled ' His Majesty, whose standard is the sun ; the sacred, the august, the great monarch, the absolute king of kings of all the States of Persia.' At the same time, his ambassador, then at the court of France, was styled 'His Excellency, the abode of greatness, the favourite of the king ; Firokh Khan, Ainin-ul-Mulk, the great ambassador of the mighty State of Persia.' In Mewar, bale, band, a head fillet, the diadem of the Greeks, is the symbol of honour ; in Burma, the tsal-wee chain is a badge of nobility ; in China, small globes, or buttons, as they are called, of mother-of-pearl and othersubstances, are used for distinction. In Burma the figure of a peacock and of a hare are painted on the king's throne, a peacock is borne on the royal standard, and Ne dwet bhu yeng, sun-descended monarch, is one of the Burmese royal titles.