In India, Buddhist caves exist in Kattyawar, in a hill near Setana; in another near Khadia, south of Junaghar ; at Ilinglaj near Pattan, between the villages of Khadati Khan and Khamardand, in the liardas; in the Salemal bill, North IThabra ; at Mewarda in the hill of Kakanda ; at Diveswar in the hill of Mandava; near Chotila ; at Devagarhi, near the village of Bhadali, south of Palyad ; at Bhoeragarh, N.E. of Jasdan ; in the Jogi near Kanamatra village ; in the Palitana hill ; and at Dwarka. There are Buddhist caves also in Orissa.
The eaves of Junnar, Bhaja, Bedsa, Talaja hill, Sana, are remarkably devoid of figure ornament or imagery. In this respect they contrast strongly with Ajunta, Ellora, Karla, the second and last few caves at Nasik, and many in Salsette. At Ajunta and other places are images of Buddha, in tho sanctuaries and on the facades. They are entirely absent at Bhaja, and in the older and middle series of about ten eaves at Nasik, and at Junnar. The Tulja Lena group of caves in a hill about 1 miles west from Junnar, are so named because one of them has been appropriated to Tulja Devi by the modern Brahmans.
.iVidana indicates twelve conditions of exist ence, viz. ignorance, karmam or acts, conscious ncss, individuality, sensibility, objects of sense, sensation, desire or thirst, clinging to existence, birth, old age, and death.
The Buddhist triad or tri-ratna (three jewels) consist of Buddha, Dharma, and Hangha.
The Buddhist wheel is a prominent object in the Buddhist sculptures of India. It is supposed to bo an emblem of the perpetual succession and eternity of matter ; and it has served likewise ' another purpose in the corruptions of Buddhism.
Prayers were pasted on it by the priests, who then put the wheel into rapid revolution. Each turn had the efficacy of an oral repetition ; and the faster it revolved, the more rapidly was the devotee approaching the ultimate bliss of nirvana.
Buddha-Pasaka is a Buddhist salutation. It means worshipper of Buddha. Upasaka is another salutation.—Professor Max Milller's Lectures, p. 139, and Chips from a German itiorkshop ; Bunsen's God in History, i. pp. 341, 211 ; Wheeler's History of India, p. 159 ; Tennent's Ceylon, i. pp. 343, 527, ii. p.614; Tennent's Christianity in Ceylon, pp. 206, 207, 264 ; Hardy's Eastern Monachism ; Calcutta Review ; Frazer's Magazine, Juno 1868 ; Rangoon Times ; Saturday Review; Bengal As. Soc. bourn.; Journ. Ind. Archip.; Bowring's Siam, i. p. 50; Prinsep's Antiquities, by Thomas, p. 150 ; Prinsep's Tibet, Tartary, and Mongolia, pp. 140, 162 ; Coleman's Mythology, p. 205; Rev. W. Taylor's Catalogue Raisonne ; Toy Cart, p. 142 ; Cunningham's history of the Sikhs, p. 23; Cunning ham's Bhilsa Topes, pp. 1-67; Colonel Henry Yule's Embassy ; Yule's Cathay and the Way thither ; Perry's Bird's-eye View of India, p. 53 ; Huc's Recollections of a Journey, p. 105 ; The Rev. J. T. Jones in fount Ind. Arch. No. 9, vii. ; Tod's Rajasthan; American Expedition; Mr. B. Hodgson ; De Carne; Bishop Smith; Colonel Fylche ; Barth's Religions of India ; Bishop Bigandct ; Fergusson's Rock-cut Temples of India ; Fergusson and Bur gess, Cave Temples of India ; Hunter's Imp. Gaz.