e. Miscellaneous tribes, viz. Ka-khyen or Ka ku, Ka-mi or Ku-mi, Kyau, Kun, Sak, Mru, Shendu, Selung.
D. Shan Tribes, viz. Shan or Tai, Lao or Lau, or • Laws or Wa, Paloung or Paloa, and Phwon or Mwoon.
There are numerous Shan states far to the north east, but they generally owe fealty to the Burinese monarch.
Burmans march on the north with rude tribes of their own family, collectively termed Singpho, who occupy the Upper Irawadi. On the extreme north, the linguistic bouudaries of the Singpho are unknown.
' Lau, a wild tribe only known under the generic Lou, termed Kha-nung, occupy the mountains to the north-east of the Kham-ti, apparently in the upper part of the Mi-li or Nam-Kiu. They are interspersed between the Kham-ti and the Mung fan. the latter appearing to belong to the Tibetan family (Si-fan or Kham-pa). The Kha-nung may form a link between the Kham-pa and the Singpho or Burman families.
Shendu, Shindu or Shandu, occupy all the country watered by the Koladyn and Mee, as far down as the Sulla Kheoung, but north of the Sulla Kheoung they are not tributary to the British.
• Khon villages are spread from below the Sulla Kheoung to Teinway ; their villages are few, and they also pay no tribute to the British.
• Kumi or Khwa-mi occupy all the country watered by the Koladyn as far down as the Koladyn Thannah, also both banks of the Mee and Samee Kheoung, and both banks of the Pee and the Yeo as far as Khoong-choo, east and north east of Koladyn, and the country watered by the Pee and Yeo west of the Koladyn.
Mru occupy from Koladyn Thannah as far as Ralla, and eastward to Mahamonie and Old Arakan south-east, and both banks of Myoo from Rasudong northwards. They do not exclusively occupy the whole of that tract of country, their Villages being interspersed with those of the Arakanese : they are, correctly speaking, wild people rather than hill-people. Some families ' live with the Kumi on the lower part of the Mee and•Pee streams, and also on ,the •Yeo. They also inhabit- the hills on'both banks of the Myoo river in the western part of the district froni Rasudong northwards to Sugarloaf hill. In this extreme north-west part of the district, there are some wild people called Mroong, living among the Mru, but there is no appreciable difference in their manners, customs, and appearance, from those of the Mru.
The Mroong in the upper basin of the Mayo, and towards the hill frontier of Chittagong, are a colony imported from the Bodo country by the kings of Arakan, at the period when their con extended far up Eastern Bengal.
Kyen occupy the whole of the large hilly tract of country east of the river Semru, in fact, all the hills east of the district, and dividing it from Independent Burma and Khyouk Phyo. They are the most numerous of the hill tribes. Some of their nearer villages pay tribute, but those more remote are independent. All the Kyen women tattoo their faces.
Anoo is a small hill tribe of four villages, living on the Paroon Kheoung, a little above Tulukmee. They differ little from the Kumi. All the tribes have separate clans, at constant warfare with each other.
Burma, Siam, and Tonkin received their first culture from India, along with Buddhism ; and their ancient buildings all bear the stamp of Indian origin and Indian taste of -a post-Christian age. Siam has in recent times added Chinese methods of improvement to the Indian ones, and Tonkin owes mainly from China.
About five-sixths of the population are Buddh ists, the remainder Christians, Mahomedans, Hindus. Every Buddhist Burmese must once in his life enter a kyoung or monastery, even if only for a few days, as a monk. The procession to the monastery is gay, and he there undertakes the ten negation commandments, not to kill or steal or indulge in unlawful passion, nor speak falsely, nor drink intoxicating liquors, nor eat after mid day, dance, sing, or play instrument, paint the face, stand in high places, or touch gold or silver. The Burmese are of the Himayana sect of the followers of Buddha, whom they call Godama, and they have great figures of Godama in every pagoda. They believe in the presence of a spirit • La' in every animal, plant, or thing, and they adhere to a Lent, Wa, from the full moon (wa tso) of July to that of (tha-ding-ynot) October, and they have a rosary of 108 beads. The Leip-bya, literally butterfly,' is the soul, the psyche of the Greeks, the life, the perceptive principle. They have spirits of kinds called Nat, and demons called Beloo ; have witch-finders; and believe in astrology, the evil eye, and philtres. Every Mon village has a Nat ; and a Burmese king dying is said to ascend to the Nat village (Nat yua-tsan-thee). With all the dead, a piece of gold is put into the mouth as ferry toll, ka-do ak5h. The great Shwe-Dagong Po-yah pagoda was erected n.c. 585. Its height is 372 feet.