The eople of Minahassa differ much from all the other people in the Archipelago. They are of a light brown or yellow tint, often approaching the fairness of a European, of a rather short stature, stout, and well made, of an open and pleasing countenance, with the usual long, straight, jet black hair of the Malays, but disfigured, as age advances, with projecting cheek-bones. The coast people, where there has been intermixture, are coarse ; but in inland villages, where the race is pure, both men and women are remarkably handsome. They are quiet and gentle, submis sive to authority. and are easily induced to learn and adopt the habits of civilised life ; they seem capable of acquiring a considerable amount of in tellectual education, and they are clever mechanics. Since 1822, from the introduction of coffee plant ing and a settled government, the people, though still speaking different tongues, have become the best clothed, best housed, best fed, and best edu cated in the Archipelago. Much of this has been due to the tractable nature of this people, for near Menado is a race called Bantek, strong, but in tractable, who have hitherto resisted all efforts to improve them. Some of the less civilised tribes have semi-Papuan features and hair, while in some villages the true Celebes or Bugi physiog nomy prevails. The plateau of Tondano is chiefly inhabited by people nearly as white as the Chinese, and with very pleasing semi-European features. The people of Siau and Sangir much resemble these, and Mr. Wallace believes them probably to be immigrants from some of the islands of north Polynesia. The Papuan type will represent the remnant of the aborigines. The languages contain a Celebes-Malay element and a Papuan element, along with some radical peculiarities derived from the Siau and Sangir islands further north, and therefore probably derived from the Philippine Islands.
Celebes has iron, tin, and copper." It has about 16 species of land mammals, and about 191 species of birds, 94 of which are peculiar to it. Professor Bikmore says (p. 378) gold in great quantities occurs over all the northern peninsula from the 3Iinahassa south to the isthmus of Palm. Livistonia rotundifolia is supposed by Mr. Wallace to bo the fan-palm, and the people make water buckets and baskets of the leaf. Celebes has the
Carpophaga luctuosa, a fine cream-coloured pigeon, also the Coracias Temminckii, and Plitenicophaus eallirhyncus, one of the finest known cuckoos. Its bill is of a brilliant yellow, red, and black. Ornithoptem remus, the largest and most beautiful of all the butterflies, is found in Celebes. Accipiter trinotatus, a beautiful hawk with elegant rows of largo round white spots on the tail ; Strix Rosenbergii and S. Javanica, the latter in all the i,lands up to Lombok. Phlegmnas tristigmati is the ground dove of Celebes. The Maleo, or \legacephalon rubripes, deposits its eggs in the loose sand of the sea-beach, in holes just above high-water mark ; the female lays one large egg, which ahe covers over and returns to the forest ; but many birds lay in the same hole. A dozen eggs are often found together. One egg fills an ordinary teacup, from 4 to 4i inches long, and 2i to 2i wide. They are very good to eat, and much sought after. The hen-bird takes no further care of the eggs, which the young bird breaks through about the 13th day, and runs at once to the forest. Each hen lays six or eight eggs in a season of two or three months. Cittura cyanotes, the forest kingfisher. Meropogon For steni (Carpopliaga Forsteni) is a fruit pigeon of North Celebes. Buceros cassidix, the great horn bill of Celebes. Trichoglossus ornatus, a beautiful brush-tongued parrakeet. Corvus advena, a rare black and white crow. Anoa depressicornis (Sapi titan, MALAY) is the wild cow of Celebes ; it is smaller than other wild cattle, and is found in the mountains. Cynopitheeus nigrescens, the black baboon monkey. Tachyris zarinda, a rare butter fly, with cinnabar red wings. Idea tondana, a semi-transparent butterfly of Celebes. Papilio androcles, one of the largest and rarest of swallow tailed butterflies. Cicindela heros and C. gloriosa also occur, the latter of a rich velvety green colour.—Quarterly Review, No. 222 ; Bikmore's Travels, pp. 101-378; Crawfurd's Dictionary, i. p. 243 ; St. John's Indian Archipelago, i. p. 351 ; Wallace's Malay Archipelago ; Horsburgh ; Tem minck, Coup sur les Possessions Neerlan daises, iii. p. 5 ; Journ. Ind, Arch. 1850, p. 764 ; Jameson's Ed. Journ. 1822, p. 402.