A popular uprising began in 1818. It origin ated in 1830, in the teachings of Mr. Roberts, an America,n missionary, and of an earnest Chinese disciple. It became blended with the national struggle of the Tae-ping, or the votaiies of the divine kingdom of eternal peace.' Accordmg to the writings of Hung, once a schoolmaster, but afterwards the heavenly prince ' and acknow ledged head, the Tae-ping convert on coming to baptism had to pronounce a solemn vow to take the belief in the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost for his rule of life, and that he was resolved to dedicate this life to God, in love to the brethren ; and visits to the tombs of ancestors were enjoined, in gratitude for the release of their bnmortal souls from this troublesome life, and to renew the vow of life-long devotion to the cause of God and the brethren. The Bible was their word of God, and the ten commandments the moral law ; opium smoking, a sin equal to adultery. The Chinese designate the Christian religion as the religion of the Lord of Heaven ; and M. Hue observes that every one must be struck with the new doctrines with which the proclamation and manifestoes', of the pretender and his generals have been filled. He styled himself Tien-ti, or Celestial Virtue. The unity of God has been distinctly expressed ; and around this fundamental dogma have been grouped a number of ideas borrowed from the Old and New Testament. War was declared at the same time to idolatry and to the Tartar dynasty. A French missionary, who had been very much in the interior of China, states the total number of native Christians at 500,000. M. Huc's estimate was 800,000, which, as he correctly observes, is a mere nothing in the enormous population of the country. These Catholic Cluistians are, however, not collected in one place, but live scattered over all China proper in small communities, called by the French Chretientes. The members of these Christianities are educated and trained as Chris tians from their infancy, being either foundlings or of Christian Chinese parentage. They are Chinese in the outward and more obvious characteristics of dress and features, but in other respects are more like Bavarians or Neapolitans than their own countrymen, from whom they differ in many of those social and domestic customs, and in all those mental peculiarities, which constitute the special nationality of the Chinaman.
The portion of India under British rule is divided by the Church of Rome into vicariates apostolic, each under a vicar-apostolic, who is also a bishop in partibus infidelium. The Madras vicariate contains thirty-seven churches, sixty seven chapels, and thirty-four priests are en gaged at work in it. A very successful college in Calcutta, for the education of Europeans and natives combined, is one which belongs to the Jesuit sect of Christians ; and there is a similar college at Bombay. At Negapatam, the Jesuit Fathers have a college which is worthy of being spoken of. This college, dedicated to St. Joseph, was founded in 1816 by the Jesuits in cbarge of rthe Madura Mission (attached to the province of loulouse in France), and at a time when education was little appreciated by the people of India. It occupie,s the site of the Government House an compound of the Dutch governor, who resided i Negapatam prior t,o 1781, when the town was occu pied by the British under Munro. The librar of the college contains nearly 3000 volume,: comprising works in English, French, and othe European tongues, Sanskrit, Tamil, and variou vernacular languages, and a fair collection c ancient and modern writings in Latin. There is
printing office and a good laboratory. The chap( of the college, dedicated to the Sacred Heart, i a fine vaulted edifice, but rather small for its pre sent requirements. The Catholic parish churc near to the jetty at Negapatam is one of th most remarkable structures in the town. Thes buildings, together with others belonging t,o th mission, have been erected entirely under th direction of the Jesuits. The vie,ariate of Pondi cherry has 68 European and 26 native priests. I contains 182,126 Christians. The French Goverr roent support a college at Pondicherry ; and St Joseph's College at Cuddalore is year by yea rising into importance as an educational inst tution. • Romish, Armenian, Presbyterian, Episcopalian Baptist, and other Christian sects have cathedrt and other churches in every district of Britis India and the feudatory states,and British, Frencl Italian, German, and American missions are sprea through the country.
The following table gives some interesting fact: We exclude Ceylon, but include Mysore, Pondi cherry, Travancore, Hyderabad, and all the Madra Presidency :— Priests, . 1858, 689 1878, 810 Populations, „ 668,689 „ 877,315 Pupils in school, „ 4,936 „ 27,233 A French mission has settled in Perak, iu th Malay Peninsula.
The Protestant Christians, early after the Refot mation, sent missions to Ceylon and the south c India. Ziegenbald was the first arrival, followe by Schwartz, Gericke, Kohlhoff, Fabricius, Plut sehau, and others. In 1705 Ziegenbald began a Tranquebar ; in 1726 the Christian Knowledg Society made a settlement at Madras, uncle Schultz and Sartorius, Lutheran missionaries in 1740 Kiernander arrived at Cuddalore, and b September 1758, at the request of Clive, he lef Tranquebar to open a mission at Calcutta. Indeed the missionaries from Em-ope of the past fou centuries, who have devoted their lives to the dif fusion of the Christian doctrines, are many,—St Francis Xavier, Bartholomew Ziegenbald, and als Henry Plutschau Danes at Tranquebar, 1705; Joh] Ernest Grundler at Tranquebar, to whom George of England addressed a complimentary letter o 23d August 1717 ; Schwartz at Trichinopoly an( Tanjore ; Schultz at Madras ; Bottler, Dubois Rhenius in the S. of India ; John Anderson a Madras ; Bishop Caldwell in Tiunevelly ; Ward Carey, Marshman, Duff, Brown, Buchanan, Thomp son, Henry Martyn, Wilson, with Bower, Ellis Hough, Marks, Mason, Miller, Pallegoix, Winslov of Bengal, Bombay and Madras Christian mission aries, pioneers of civilization, education, human pro gress and improvement, scientists, ethnologists and philologists.-7'ennant's Ceylon; Meadows Chinese, pp. 52-337; Prinsep's Tibet; Bunsen', God in History ; Huc, Chinese Empire ; Bishoi of Victoria in Japan; Traz:ancore Adnzinistra.
lion Report ; Playfair's Aden ; Lane's Koran ; Sim:lands; Lord Lawrence, Lonl Napier, Sir Bartle Frere, Sir R. 7'emple.
cinunili, Du. TURNBULL, of the Madras Medical Service, gave the first account of porce lain clay at Mangalore, in Bl. As. Trans. 18-11, x. part 2, p. 967. Also wrote on the Miner alogy and Geology of the Southern Nfahratta Country, Mad. Lit. Trans. iv. pp. 135, 452, which was reprinted from Edin. Phil. 31. ; In structions for Meteorologists, Observations on and Plau for New Instruments, ibid. ii. pp. 41, 70 ; Observations on the Geology of the I lyderabad Country, ibid. 1827. Sco memoir of, in Edin. Phil. J1. xv. p. 165, and Mad. Lit. Trans. xv. p. 150.—Dr. Catalogne.