C. crispa, fine crown bark, 2s. 10d. to 6s.
C. nitida, genuine grey bark, ls. 8d. to 2s. 9d.
C. sp. undetermined, fine grey bark, ls. 8d. to 2s. 10(1. C. micrantha, grey bark, ls. 8d. to 2s. 9d.
C. Peruvians, finest grey bark, ls. 8d. to 2s. 10d. C. pabndiana.
Plants of the C. Ledgeriana from Java have been sold at 500 rupees a thousand ; and price for seed paid for this variety, 1226 per ounce. This seed was taken from trees of a superior kind, of a good age, the bark of which had been tested, and the firtn advertised the seed in Java. The 1880-81 crop of Madras amounted to 250,271 lbs., against 183,984 lbs. in 1879-80. 234,736 lbs. were sup plied to the home market, 5096 lbs. to a firm in Madras, and 2000 lbs. to the Bombay Medical De partment, leaving a balance of 8439 lbs. in store. Experiments are still (1882) being made to de termine the merits of the grassing and mossing systems. Low-country coolies were employed as labourers with success.
Cinchona calisaya, Ruiz. and Rayon grows on the Andes of Peru, New Granada, and Bolivia, at 5000 to 6000 feet above the sea. It attains a height of 40 feet. It yields-the ytllow bark, also part of the crown bark. it is one of the richest yielders of quinine, and produces, besides, cin chonidine, but yields little of other alkaloids. Its varieties do not all furnish bark of equal value. It grows under conditions more limited than those of C. succirubra, and it is not so easily propagated. The Santa F6 variety ascends the Andes of New Granada up to 10,000 feet, and produces the highly valuable soft Colombia bark.
Cinchona cordifolia, Maas., grows on the Andes of Peru and New Granada, at between 6000 and 8000 feet elevation, and yields the hard Cartag,ena bark, or West Pitaya bark, one extremely rich in alkaloids. it is hardy, grows with rapidity and vigour. The thickest bark is obtained in the highest altitudes, where it has the action of misty clouds.
Cinchona hasskarliana 1111a. In Java, some of the best results were obtained from this species, as yet not critically identified.
Cinchona lancifolia, Mutis., considered by Weddell a variety of C. officinalis. It grows in places where the mean annual temperature is that of Rome, with, however, less extremes of heat and cold. It yields part of the Pitaya bark; of com merce.
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Cinchona micrantha, Ruiz. and Pavon., grows on the Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru to.a. height of 60 feet, add frem it part of the grey and of the Huanuco bark as well Lima bark are obtained. It is comparatively rich in cinchonine and quinidine, a,nd also contains quinine.
Cinchona nitida, Ruiz. and Rayon., grows in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador to a height of 80 feet, and yields part of the grey and Huanuco bark,"also the Lima, bark. It contains predomi nantly cinchonine and quinidine.
Cinchona officinalis, Lindl., is partly C. conda minea, Humboldt. It grows on the Andes of New Granada and Peru, at a height of 6000 to 10,000 feet, and yields the crown or brown Peruvian bark, besides part of Loxa bark. It is compara tively rich in quinine and cinchonidine. Super abundance of moisture is particularly pernicious to this species. The temperature of the middle regions of the Andes where this tree grows is almost the. same as that of the Canary Islands. The crispella variety endures a temperature occa sionally as low as 27° Fahr.
Cinchona pityenSis must also be referred to C. officinalis as a variety. It attains a height of 60 feet, and furnishes also a portion of the Pitaya bark. In Upper India it has yielded in some instances the unprecedented quantity of 11 per cent. alkaloids, nearly 6 per cent. quinine, the rest quinidine and cinchonine. This plant is now annihilated for bark purposes in its native forests.
Cinchona succirubra, Pavon., a tree of the mid Andes regions of Peru and Ecuador, yielding the red Peruvian bark, rich in quinine and cinchonidine. It attains a height of 40 feet. It is this species which is most lai.gely cultivated in, the moun tains of Bengal. This has proved the hardest species in Sikkim ; it grows under a wide range of conditions, and seeds freely ; all its varieties produce bark of great value, yielding' an average of 4 per cent. of alkaloids. Beetles (a male stay beetle,' family Lucanithe) have been found feeding on the renewed bark (after *shaving) of succirubra trees in Maskeliya. The female has much shorter mandibles; and is said to use them in fermin., a hOle in the trunks of trees for the recention ofbits eggs. Westwood says (i. p. 187) the perfect insect feeds on the honey-dew upon the leaves of the oak ; they Mao feed upon the sap exuding from the wounds of trees, which they lap up with their finely ciliated maxilke and lower lip. It has been supposed that the larva of this insect, which chiefly hides in the willow and oak, remaining in that state several years, is the animal so much esteemed by the Romans as a delicacy, and named cossus. The injury which it causes is often very considerable, boring not only into the solid wood, but also into the roots of the tree. The stag-beetle found in Maskeliya was a male, with immense mandibles, and greatly resembles Lucanuscervus, the common stag-beetle of Europe.—Observer, Ceylon ; Von , Jirteller. 1 ' CINCHONACE/E, the coffee tribe of plants, of which there are 233 genera and 870 species. Of these, 729 species are known to occur in the south and east of Asia, tiz. in Zanzibar, Timor, Persia, Japan, each three; in Arabia four, and in India 695.