lsonandra yields the famous gutta-perchrt of commerce, which, like India rubber and caout chouc, rapidly rose in demand after its first dis covery, and merchants anxiously look for new sources of supply.
Gum Sagapentint, believed to be the produce of an umbellifer of Western Asia, perhaps Ferula Persica, Wind. See Sagapenutn.
The Turpentines are oleo-resins obtained from coniferous plants. Pinus palustris and P. Ueda yield tttrpentine. Canada turpentine, or Canada balsam, is from the Abies balsamea, Spirits of ' turpentine Its obtained by distilling the crude turpentine. Camphene is the rectified spirit. Turpentine is extensively employed DA ail) solvent of the other resinous bodies In the formation of varnishes. Its solvent powers in this rettpect render it exceedingly valuable to the artist, and also to the manufacturer. The rectified oil of turpentine has been much used as a solvent of caoutchouc. It has been stated by Bouchardt that the unrectified oil dissolved India rubber with great difficulty, whereas the oil rectified without water Wag an excellent solvent, but that it was rendered still better when it was distilled from bricks.
Scio Turpentine, called also Chian and Cyprus turpentine, is the product of a Pistacia in the island of Seio. It is obtained by cutting cross
ways with a hatchet the trunks of the largest trees ; the turpentine runs down on flat stones placed to receive it, each tree yielding about eight or ten ounces.
The Oleo-resins or wood-oils, the Gurjun oils of the genus Dipterocarpus, also the black varnish from the genus Melanorrhcea usitata, are all largely used in the arts and manufactures Of S.E. Asia. The export of gums from India during the ten years 1871-72 to 1880-81, ranged in value frotn .£147,336 in the first-named year, to £476,950 in the la,st. In 1881-82, exports 332,393 cwts., value £294,685. In the eleven years 1850-51 to 1860-61, gurn-lac, etc., to the value of frorn 178,642 to £171,646 was exported, nearly all from Bengal. From 1872 to 1881, the value of its exports ranged front £203,680 in 1873, to £755,748 in 1876.— Ainslie ; Craufurd ; 11PClelland's Tenasserinz ; Pereira ; Boyle, Prod. Res. ; Eng. Cyc. ; Hamilton's Senai, Hedjaz, p. 278 ; Roxb. ; Morrison, Comp. Descr. ; Mason; O'Sh. ; Faulkner ; Vegetable Kingdonz ;` Poole; Drury's Useful Plants; Bird wood's Bombay Products; Powell.