GAM - SAIR, PERS., is a term applied to the pasture grounds of the noruade pastoral races of Asia. Every pastoral mountain tribe in the Himalaya, in Tibet, in the Afghan and Baluch mountains, in Arabia, Syria, Persia, and Kurdistan, has its wintering and summering regions. The province of Fars has its Garm-sair, also its Sarhad or Sard-sair, its warm and cold climates. The Kashgoi are a nornade Turkish tribe of about 12,000 families, whose chief is the Il-Khani of Fars. They and the Bakhtiari from the warm pastures of Arabistan and the head of the Persian Gulf, arrive in spring on the grazing of Isfahan. At the approach of winter, both the tribes return northwards to their respective wintering lands. The entire southern region of Fars, bordering on the Persian Gulf, is called the Garm-sair. It extends from the sea to the latitude of Kazeroon, and runs parallel with the Persian Gulf from the banks of the Tab to the confines of Luristan. From Bushire eastward as far as Cangoon, the tract is named the Dushtistan or land of plains. The Tungistan, commonly pro nounced Tungistoon or narrow land, is a small tract of land east of Bushire. The greater portion
of the people of the whole Garm-sair consists of an independent lawless set, many of the tribes being robbers by profession. A huge wall of mountains separates the Garm-sair or low region from the Sard-sair. Sard-sair signifies the cold region, but it is also termed the Sarhada, a word literally signifying boundary or frontier, but generally applied to any high land where the climate is cold, or the high table-land of Persia. One of the most conspicuous of these is an abrupt lofty hill, named Hormooj, where coal occurs. In Fars, the Garm-sair of Sijistan is a narrow strip of culturable land about one-fourth of a mile on the south bank of the Helmand, five days' journey N.W. from Nushki, on the edge of the desert. The Baluch races seem to pro nounce it Gurmsehl or Garm-sail, and one of their wintering places is north-west of Nushki, distant about 75 miles.—Pottinger's Tr p. 103 ; Rich.