In the adjacent island of Bali, which is small but fertile, well cultivated and populous, is the Balinese, with its ceremonial dialect and sacred language, and it is one of the most improved languages of the Archipelago.
The fourth language, which Mr. Crawfurd con siders to have a strong affinity with the Javanese, is that of Lombok, a fertile and populous island, divided from Bali by a narrow strait. This is the termination in an easterly direction of the group of tongues which begins with Sumatra.
For nearly nine centuries (603-1479) foreign colonists continued to adorn this island with edifices almost unrivalled elsewhere. Bore Buddor is a great Buddhist temple there. It is a dhagoba with five processional paths and 72 small domical buildings, each containing a statue of Buddha, but combin ing with it the idea of a nine-storeyed vihara. The bas-relief sculptures which line its galleries extend to nearly 10,000 lineal feet. On the inner face of the second gallery is portrayed, in 120 bas-reliefs, the entire life of Snkya Muni. In the galleries above this are groups of Buddhas, bodhi-satwas, and saints, and many crested snakes. The temple at Mendoet, two and a half miles from Boro Buddor, has three colossal figures, supposed to be Buddha, Siva, and Vishnu, with a figure of Lakshini. The temple of Toempang also merits mention, and that of Pantaram (A.D. 1416) is called the serpent temple, because its base is made up of eight great crested serpents. There are temples at Matjanpontik ; and on the Djeing plateau there arc five or six small temples, also temples at Suku. The ruins of Singlia Sari in clude six principal structures of hewn stone, be sides the base of a circular tower, with numerous figures.
The Javanese are of short stature, the men do not average more than 5 feet 3 inches, face lozenge shaped, cheek-bones high and prominent, mouth wide, and nose short. They all gamble greatly. They profess Muhammadanism, but still follow many Hindu customs ; a few are professing Chris tians. The dress of Javanese ladies differs but little from that of men of the upper class, except in the kabya being buttoned across the breast. No covering is worn for the bead, their bright black hair being tastefully arranged in a knot, decorated with bunches of white flowers ; the women of the lower class wear a blue sarong, and a wide shirt of the same colour. Both sexes, but
more particularly the women, pay great regard to cleanliness, bathing at least once a day. Javans are an agricultural race, attached to the soil, of quiet habits and contented disposition, almost entirely unacquainted with navigation and foreign trade, and little inclined to engage in either. The people of the Tengger mountains may be a relict of an aboriginal race. This race, like a few others in India and the Archipelago, adopt the singular practice of building their villages in terraces, and the practice seems to have once prevailed in the Philippines. The inhabitants of the Serwatty islands select the summits of bills. They are a peculiar people, who speak a dialect of Javanese, and, despite the zealous efforts of the Muham madans, they still follow the Hindu religion.
The Kalang people who reside among the in habitants of the Tengger mountains are said to have been at one time numerous in various parts of Java, leading a wandering life, practising religious rites different from those of the people, and avoiding intercourse with them ; but most of them are now stationary, and have embraced the Muhammadan faith. Whenever the Kalang move from one place to another, they are conveyed in carts, having two solid wheels with a revolving axle, and drawn by two or more pairs of buffaloes, according to the circumstances of the party.
The fishing canoes or flying canoes of Java are long, but very narrow, — just broad enough to enable a man to sit between the gunwales ; the crew seldom exceeds four men. They are rendered steady by long semicircular outriggers, one end secured to the gunwale, the other to large bam boos, and of the same length as the canoe itself ; and as they are daubed all over with some bright white substance, they have the appearance of huge spiders crawling over the dark blue sea ; their speed, when propelled by paddles, is very great, but greater under their large triangular sails.